Aqueous nanomicellar formulation for topical delivery of biotinylated lipid prodrug of acyclovir: formulation development and ocular biocompatibility
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to develop a clear, aqueous nanomicellar formulation and evaluate its in vitro ocular biocompatibility as a novel carrier for topical ocular delivery of biotinylated lipid prodrug for the treatment of herpetic keratitis. METHODS: Micellar formulation of Biotin-12Hydroxystearic acid-acyclovir (B-12HS-ACV) was prepared by solvent evaporation/film hydration method with two nonionic surfactants, vitamin E TPGS and octoxynol-40. The optimized formulation was characterized for various parameters including micelle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta-potential and in vitro prodrug release. Human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) were employed for studying the cytotoxicity of the formulation. Further, mRNA expression levels of various cytokines were also studied with quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). RESULTS: Average size was 10.46±0.05 nm with a PDI of 0.086 for blank nanomicelles, and 10.78±0.09 nm with a PDI of 0.075 for prodrug-loaded nanomicelles. Both unloaded and prodrug-loaded nanomicelles had low negative zeta potential. Prodrug encapsulation efficiency of mixed nanomicelles was calculated to be ∼90%. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that nanomicelles were spherical, homogenous, and devoid of aggregates. B-12HS-ACV release from nanomicelles was slow with no significant burst effect. Results show a sustained release of the prodrug from nanomicelles over a period of 4 days. Neither the blank formulation nor the prodrug-loaded micellar formulation demonstrated any cytotoxic effects. Further, incubation of HCECs with blank and prodrug-loaded nanomicellar groups did not significantly alter the expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, a topical clear, aqueous nanomicellar formulation comprised of vitamin E TPGS and octoxynol-40 loaded with 0.1% B-12HS-ACV was successfully developed. B-12HS-ACV-loaded nanomicelles are small in size, spherical, and homogenous, without any aggregates. The micellar formulations were perfectly transparent similar to pure water. Ocular biocompatibility studies indicated that mixed nanomicelles were nontoxic and noninflammatory to corneal epithelial cells. Therefore, nanomicellar technology represents a promising strategy for the delivery of biotinylated lipid prodrugs of ACV.
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Mixed nanomicelles of B-12HS-ACV exhibited non-toxicity and non-inflammatory properties towards corneal epithelial cells.
“Ocular biocompatibility assessments revealed that these mixed nanomicelles exhibited non-toxicity and non-inflammatory properties towards corneal epithelial cells [146].”
From From design to Deployment: The innovative role of nanomicelles in targeted ophthalmic therapeutics (2025) · cites this paper as [146]
B-12HS-ACV was released slowly from nanomicelles without significant burst effects during the sustained release course.
“Results indicated that B-12HS-ACV was released slowly from nanomicelles without significant burst effects during the sustained release course.”
From From design to Deployment: The innovative role of nanomicelles in targeted ophthalmic therapeutics (2025) · cites this paper as [146]
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“Ocular biocompatibility assessments revealed that these mixed nano-micelles exhibited non-toxicity and non-inflammatory properties towards corneal epithelial cells [146].”
- Authors
- Vadlapudi, A. D., Cholkar, K., Vadlapatla, R. K., & Mitra, A. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Missouri–Kansas City (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-11-05
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 49-58
- ISSN
- 1080-7683 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-7732
- PMC
- PMC4066223
- OpenAlex
- W2018606469
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 1.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Missouri-Kansas City
- National Institutes of Health
- National Eye Institute (R01EY009171, R01EY09171-16, R01EY010659)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular Infections and Treatments
- Keywords
- nanomicelles, acyclovir, topical ocular drug delivery, herpes simplex keratitis, vitamin E TPGS, ocular biocompatibility, corneal epithelial cells, cytokine expression, micellar formulation, encapsulation efficiency
- MeSH terms
- Acyclovir, Antiviral Agents, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Lipids, Micelles, Particle Size, Polyethylene Glycols, Prodrugs, Surface-Active Agents, Vitamin E, Cytokines, Drug Delivery Systems, Keratitis, Herpetic, Octoxynol, Epithelium, Corneal, Biotinylation, Nanoparticles, Administration, Ophthalmic, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
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