Cited by 1,406Advanced Drug Delivery SystemsOcular Infections and TreatmentsNanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery

Ocular drug delivery

Open access
Gaudana, Ripal, Ananthula, Hari Krishna, Parenky, Ashwin, Mitra, Ashim K.·2010·The AAPS Journal

Abstract

Ocular drug delivery has been a major challenge to pharmacologists and drug delivery scientists due to its unique anatomy and physiology. Static barriers (different layers of cornea, sclera, and retina including blood aqueous and blood-retinal barriers), dynamic barriers (choroidal and conjunctival blood flow, lymphatic clearance, and tear dilution), and efflux pumps in conjunction pose a significant challenge for delivery of a drug alone or in a dosage form, especially to the posterior segment. Identification of influx transporters on various ocular tissues and designing a transporter-targeted delivery of a parent drug has gathered momentum in recent years. Parallelly, colloidal dosage forms such as nanoparticles, nanomicelles, liposomes, and microemulsions have been widely explored to overcome various static and dynamic barriers. Novel drug delivery strategies such as bioadhesive gels and fibrin sealant-based approaches were developed to sustain drug levels at the target site. Designing noninvasive sustained drug delivery systems and exploring the feasibility of topical application to deliver drugs to the posterior segment may drastically improve drug delivery in the years to come. Current developments in the field of ophthalmic drug delivery promise a significant improvement in overcoming the challenges posed by various anterior and posterior segment diseases.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1208/s12248-010-9183-3

Cites

256 of 256 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Topical administration avoids first-pass metabolism and has easy administration, but barriers reduce bioavailability to around 5% or less.

    “This method avoids complications of first-pass metabolism and has the advantage of easy administration, sometimes by the patients themselves. However, barriers, such as the pre-corneal tear film, the structure of the cornea, limited volume, lacrimal drainage system, reflex tearing, and aqueous outflow of the eye, reduce the bioavailability of the product to around 5% or less.35,118,119”
  • Most gene therapy viral vectors given intravitreally fail to adequately transduce photoreceptors and RPE due to the inner limiting membrane.

    “Most gene therapy viral vectors given intravitreally, fail to adequately transduce photoreceptors and RPE, due to the inner limiting membrane that divides the vitreous from the retina.1,15,119,127”
  • Intravitreal injections carry risks of adverse reactions including inflammation, endophthalmitis, increased intraocular pressure, retinal detachment, hemorrhage, and cataracts, and patient compliance can become an issue due to repeated use.

    “Despite these advantages, intravitreal injections also carry risks of adverse reactions, including inflammation, endophthalmitis, increased intraocular pressure, retinal detachment, hemorrhage, and cataracts, and due to the repeated use of these injections in various treatments, patient compliance can become an issue.119,127,129”

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Part of this paper’s reference list could not be split into single entries.

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Schoenwald RD, Tandon V, Wurster DE, Barfknecht CF. Significance of melanin binding and metabolism in the activity of 5-acetoxyacetylimino-4-methyl-delta2-1, 3, 4,-thiadiazolin e-2- sulfonamide. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 1998;46(1):39-50.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Gaudana, R., Ananthula, H. K., Parenky, A., & Mitra, A. K.
Affiliations
University of Missouri–Kansas City (US)
Corresponding author
Mitra, Ashim K.
Venue
The AAPS Journal
Published
2010-05-01
Volume
12
Issue
3
Pages
348-360
ISSN
1550-7416 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2018516156
Cited by
1,406
References
256
Citations by year
2026: 114 · 2025: 114 · 2024: 98 · 2023: 118 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 126 · 2020: 116 · 2019: 93 · 2018: 100 · 2017: 96 · 2016: 82 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 32
FWCI
4.89
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • The AAPS Journal (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Eye Institute (R01EY009171, R01EY10659-12, R01EY010659, R01-EY09171-14)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular Infections and Treatments
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
Keywords
ocular drug delivery, blood-aqueous barrier, blood-retinal barrier, cornea, sclera, retina, choroidal blood flow, lymphatic clearance, efflux pumps, influx transporters, nanoparticles, nanomicelles, liposomes, microemulsions, bioadhesive gel, fibrin glue, sustained drug release, topical drug delivery, posterior segment, anterior segment
MeSH terms
Administration, Topical, Colloids, Eye, Half-Life, Humans, Iontophoresis, Melanins, Pharmacokinetics, Ultrasonics, Drug Delivery Systems

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review