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Cited by 293Traumatic Brain Injury ResearchLong-Term Effects of COVID-19Sports injuries and prevention

Longitudinal Study of Postconcussion Syndrome: Not Everyone Recovers

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Hiploylee, Carmen, Dufort, Paul A., Davis, Hannah S., Wennberg, Richard A., Tartaglia, Maria Carmela, Mikulis, David, Hazrati, Lili-Naz, Tator, Charles H.·2017·Journal of Neurotrauma
DOI 10.1089/neu.2016.4677PMC PMC5397249
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Abstract

We examined recovery from postconcussion syndrome (PCS) in a series of 285 patients diagnosed with concussion based on international sport concussion criteria who received a questionnaire regarding recovery. Of 141 respondents, those with postconcussion symptoms lasting less than 3 months, a positive computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), litigants, and known Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM)-positive cases were excluded, leaving 110 eligible respondents. We found that only 27% of our population eventually recovered and 67% of those who recovered did so within the first year. Notably, no eligible respondent recovered from PCS lasting 3 years or longer. Those who did not recover ( n = 80) were more likely to be non-compliant with a do-not-return-to-play recommendation ( p = 0.006) but did not differ from the recovered group ( n = 30) in other demographic variables, including age and sex ( p ≥ 0.05). Clustergram analysis revealed that symptoms tended to appear in a predictable order, such that symptoms later in the order were more likely to be present if those earlier in the order were already present. Cox proportional hazards model analysis showed that the more symptoms reported, the longer the time to recovery ( p = 7.4 × 10 −6 ), with each additional symptom reducing the recovery rate by approximately 20%. This is the first longitudinal PCS study to focus on PCS defined specifically as a minimum of 3 months of symptoms, negative CT and/or MRI, negative TOMM test, and no litigation. PCS may be permanent if recovery has not occurred by 3 years. Symptoms appear in a predictable order, and each additional PCS symptom reduces recovery rate by 20%. More long-term follow-up studies are needed to examine recovery from PCS.

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Crossref · 10.1089/neu.2016.4677

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  • Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is common and can cause a broad range of debilitating symptoms, including headaches, fatigue, irritability, sleep disturbances, depression and anxiety, and attention deficits.

    “Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is common and can cause a broad range of debilitating symptoms, including headaches, fatigue, irritability, sleep disturbances, depression and anxiety, and attention deficits [61, 94, 101].”

    From Early onset senescence and cognitive impairment in a murine model of repeated mTBI (2021) · cites this paper as [61]

  • Approximately 20% of individuals with mTBI experience symptoms for longer than 3 months and are diagnosed with post-concussive syndrome.

    “approximately 20% go on to experience these symptoms for longer than 3 months, at which point they are diagnosed with post-concussive syndrome (PCS) [59].”

    From DNA repair deficiency and senescence in concussed professional athletes involved in contact sports (2019) · cites this paper as [59]

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Authors
Hiploylee, C., Dufort, P. A., Davis, H. S., Wennberg, R. A., Tartaglia, M. C., Mikulis, D., Hazrati, L.-N., & Tator, C. H.
Affiliations
  • University of Toronto (CA)
  • Toronto Western Hospital (CA)
Corresponding author
Tator, Charles H.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Neurotrauma
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2017-04
Volume
34
Issue
8
Pages
1511-1523
ISSN
  • 0897-7151 (ISSN-L)
  • 1557-9042
DOI
10.1089/neu.2016.4677
PMC
PMC5397249
OpenAlex
W2540485887
Cited by
293
References
40
Citations by year
2026: 17 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 10 · 2013: 1
FWCI
18.94
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Neurotrauma (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Ontario Brain Institute
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports injuries and prevention
Keywords
post-concussion syndrome, concussion, recovery, symptom duration, sports-related concussion, malingering, long-term follow-up
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Time Factors, Cluster Analysis, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Principal Component Analysis, Post-Concussion Syndrome, Young Adult

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