Drugs affecting thyroid function
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Over the years, several drugs used in the treatment of nonthyroidal conditions have been shown to affect thyroid function. As novel drugs are introduced, novel interactions are described. The aim of this review is to summarize clinically relevant thyroidal side effects of drugs used for nonthyroidal conditions. Special focus is given to recent developments and to drugs with the largest clinical relevance. SUMMARY: Thyrosine kinase inhibitors are novel drugs used in the treatment of several neoplasias, including thyroid cancer. Thyroidal side effects are being increasingly detected with these drugs. Some drugs in this category affect thyroid hormone metabolism and therefore only affect patients on thyroid replacement. Others affect the thyroid directly profoundly, causing primary hypothyroidism. Immune modulators used in infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic conditions also cause hyper- and hypothyroidism, through poorly understood immune or nonimmune mechanisms. The effects of amiodarone on the thyroid have been long recognized. However, given the complexity of these effects, several areas in this field remain problematic, such as the identification of subtypes of hyperthyroidism and the best treatment strategies. Lithium also has important antithyroid effects and it is a commonly prescribed medication. Its antithyroid effects may have clinical utility in selected clinical situations. Other drugs known to affect thyroid hormone absorption, metabolism, and transport are also briefly reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: Several drugs are known to alter thyroid function as a side effect of their primary pharmacological action. Some of these effects have been recognized for decades, but novel thyroid-drug interactions are being recognized as new drugs are developed. It is important for the clinician to be familiar with thyroid-drug interactions, as enhanced surveillance may be necessary in patients undergoing therapies known to affect thyroid function.
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Antipsychotic dopamine antagonists, antidepressive tricyclics and α-methyldopa slightly increase serum TSH without altering thyroid function.
“The antipsycotic dopamine antagonists (e.g., phenothiazines, haloperidol, domperidone, metoclopramide, cimetidine), antidepressive tricyclics and α-methyldopa slightly increase serum TSH without altering thyroid function (17).”
From L-T4 therapy in the presence of pharmacological interferents (2020) · cites this paper as [17]
Patients taking lithium for bipolar disorder are at a high risk of developing thyroid dysfunction, including both hypothyroidism and to a lesser extent thyrotoxicosis.
“Patients taking lithium for bipolar disorder are at a high risk of developing thyroid dysfunction, including both hypothyroidism and to a lesser extent thyrotoxicosis (652).”
From 2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis (2016) · cites this paper as [652]
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Bergink, V., Kushner, S. A., Pop, V. J. M., Kuijpens, H., den Berg, M. P. L., Drexhage, R. C., Wiersinga, W. M., Nolen, W. A., & Drexhage, H. A. (2011) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.082990 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“19 Our study was therefore designed to document the prevalence of serological and clinical evidence of autoimmune thyroid dysfunction in patients with early-onset postpartum psychosis during the first 9 months after delivery.”
Post-Acute Effectiveness of Lithium in Pediatric Bipolar I Disorder
Findling, R. L., Kafantaris, V., Pavuluri, M. N., McNamara, N., Frazier, J. A., Sikich, L., Kowatch, R. A., Rowles, B. M., Clemons, T. E., & Taylor‐Zapata, P. (2013) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2012.0063 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Despite its effectiveness in adults, long-term lithium treatment is associated with safety concerns, particularly regarding decreased renal function (Lepkifker et al. 2004; McCann et al. 2008; Tredget et al. 2010) and hypothyroidism (Zhang et al. 2006; Barbesino 2010).”
BackgroundA review of the evidence for and against increased mortality in hypothyroidism
Thvilum, M., Brandt, F., Brix, T. H., & Hegedűs, L. D. (2012) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2012.29 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
When thyroid hormone replacement is ineffective?
Benvenga, S. (2013) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000003 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Iodide transport: implications for health and disease
Pesce, L. M., & Kopp, P. A. (2014) · International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology · doi:10.1186/1687-9856-2014-8 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Relationship between hypothyroidism and periodontitis: A scoping review
Aldulaijan, H. A., Cohen, R. E., Stellrecht, E. M., LEVINE, M. J., & Yerke, L. M. (2019) · Clinical and Experimental Dental Research · doi:10.1002/cre2.247 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
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Clinical Concepts on Thyroid Emergencies
Papi, G., Corsello, S. M., & Pontecorvi, A. (2014) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2014.00102 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Lithium is commonly used to treat bipolar disorders, inhibits thyroid hormone release from the thyroid gland, and increases thyroid autoimmunity if present before therapy (30, 34, 35).”
BackgroundStathatos, N., & Daniels, G. H. (2011) · Current Opinion in Rheumatology · doi:10.1097/bor.0b013e32834ddb27 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Environmental factors and thyroid autoimmunity
Duntas, L. H. (2011) · Annales d Endocrinologie · doi:10.1016/j.ando.2011.03.019 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Dunn, D. C., & Turner, C. (2016) · Nursing for Women s Health · doi:10.1016/j.nwh.2015.12.002 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Medications such as amiodarone, interferon, and lithium have been identified as a cause of hypothyroidism (Barbesino, 2010).”
BackgroundThe onset time of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) depends on AIT type
Tomisti, L., Rossi, G., Bartalena, L., Martino, E., & Bogazzi, F. (2014) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-14-0267 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
How to interpret thyroid function tests
Levy, M. J., Koulouri, O., & Gurnell, M. (2013) · Clinical Medicine · doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.13-3-282 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Fallahi, P., Ferrari, S. M., & Antonelli, A. (2016) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-015-0836-y · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“and a number of drugs/supplements/beverages that cause LT4 malabsorption [6–9].”
BackgroundSistema endocrino y corazón: una revisión
Rhee, S. S., & Pearce, E. N. (2011) · Revista Española de Cardiología · doi:10.1016/j.recesp.2010.10.015 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Amiodaroneinduced hypothyroidism (AIH) results from persistent iodineinduced inhibition of thyroid gland function, and is more prevalent in patients with preexisting thyroid autoimmunity.(93) Treatment of AIH is with T4 replacement.”
Vedal, T. S. J., Steen, N. E., Birkeland, K. I., Dieset, I., Reponen, E. J., Laskemoen, J. F., Rødevand, L. N., Melle, I. S., Andreassen, O. A., Molden, E., et al. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.09.014 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Endocrine disruption as an adverse effect of non-endocrine targeting pharmaceuticals
Sabir, S., Akhtar, M. F., & Saleem, A. (2018) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-018-3774-4 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Pelzer, N., Hoogeveen, E. S., Haan, J., Bunnik, R., Poot, C. C., van Zwet, E. W., Inderson, A., Fogteloo, A. J., Reinders, M. E. J., Middelkoop, H. A. M., et al. (2018) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.12848 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
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“which may result in a drug–drug interaction (DDI) [6].”
BackgroundAutoimmune Thyroid Disease in the Use of Alemtuzumab for Multiple Sclerosis: A Review
Aranha, A. A., Amer, S., Reda, E. S., Broadley, S., & Davoren, P. M. (2013) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep13020.ra · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Pasqualetti, G., Schirripa, M., Dochy, E., Fassan, M., Ziranu, P., Puzzoni, M., Scartozzi, M., Alberti, G., Lonardi, S., Zagonel, V., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2020.04.023 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The link between thyroid autoimmunity, depression and bipolar disorder
Jucevičiūtė, N., Žilaitienė, B., Aniulienė, R., & Vanagienė, V. (2019) · Open Medicine · doi:10.1515/med-2019-0008 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The Endocrine System and the Heart: A Review
Rhee, S. S., & Pearce, E. N. (2011) · Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rec.2010.10.016 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Amiodaroneinduced hypothyroidism (AIH) results from persistent iodineinduced inhibition of thyroid gland function, and is more prevalent in patients with preexisting thyroid autoimmunity.(93) Treatment of AIH is with T4 replacement.”
BackgroundIncreased requirement of replacement doses of levothyroxine caused by liver cirrhosis.
Benvenga, S., Capodicasa, G., Perelli, S., Ferrari, S. M., Fallahi, P., & Antonelli, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00150 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Tomisti, L., Urbani, C., Rossi, G., Latrofa, F., Sardella, C., Manetti, L., Lupi, I., Marcocci, C., Bartalena, L., Curzio, O., et al. (2016) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-015-0426-0 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Factors Related to the Length of Stay for Patients With Schizophrenia: A Retrospective Study
Peng, C., Wang, L., Xu, L., Zhou, Y., Zhang, L., & Li, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.818254 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Additionally, in consideration of the fact that many antipsychotics had an adverse effect on the thyroid (36, 37),”
BackgroundTurkal, R., Armağan, T. C., Elbasan, O., Aytan, S., Çakmak, B. D., Gozaydınoğlu, B., Ceyda, T. D., Ünlü, O., Bahramzada, G., Tekin, A. F., et al. (2022) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-022-04608-z · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Calvi, L. M., & Daniels, G. H. (2011) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2010.0300 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“(8,9)].”
The Effect of Hypothyroidism on Bone Loss at Dental Implants
Ursomanno, B. L., Cohen, R. E., LEVINE, M. J., & Yerke, L. M. (2020) · Journal of Oral Implantology · doi:10.1563/aaid-joi-d-19-00350 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Reinhardt, W., Dolff, S., Benson, S., Broecker‐Preuss, M., Behrendt, S., Hoeg, A., Führer, D., Schomburg, L., & Köhrle, J. (2015) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2015.0097 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Exclusion criteria were medication known to influence TH function (amiodarone, high-dose cortisone, and/ or high-dose furosemide therapy, anti-epileptics, heparin, lithium) and TPO-antibody positivity (14).”
Sociodemographic Disparities in the Treatment of Hypothyroidism: NHANES 2007–2012
Ettleson, M. D., Bianco, A. C., Zhu, M., & Laiteerapong, N. (2021) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/jendso/bvab041 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“It is important to recognize that other medications (eg, corticosteroids, lithium, amiodarone) and supplements (eg, biotin) can affect thyroid hormone absorption, metabolism, and laboratory testing, leading to falsely high or low TSH or FT4 levels [41, 42].”
BackgroundAmitai, M., Zivony, A., Kronenberg, S., Nagar, L., Saar, S., Sever, J. M., Apter, A., Shoval, G., Golubchik, P., Hermesh, H., et al. (2014) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2013.0046 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Reported side effects in patients > 18 years of age include thyroid function abnormalities (Bocchetta and Loviselli 2006; Zhang et al. 2006; Barbesino 2010), hematological changes (Ozdemir et al. 1994), and renal dysfunction manifested by an increase in serum creatinine levels (Lepkifker et al.…”
Hypothyroidism and Thyroiditis
Brent, G. A., & Weetman, A. P. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-29738-7.00013-7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Emerson, C. H. (2011) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2011.2108.ed · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“For some therapies there is a lag in their onset of action (23), others are highly invasive and require preparation of the patient with b blockers and iodides (24), and others acutely suppress thyroid secretion of T 4 and T 3 , but the effect is sometimes incomplete and usually not sustained (25).”
Drugs and Other Substances Interfering with Thyroid Function
Montanelli, L., Benvenga, S., Hegedüs, L., Vitti, P., Latrofa, F., & Duntas, L. H. (2018) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45013-1_27 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Clinical practice guidelines for acute and chronic thyroiditis (excluding autoimmune thyroiditis)
Troshina, E. A., Panfilova, E. A., Сергеевна, М. М., Kim, I. V., Семеновна, С. Е., Глибка, А. А., Shifman, B. M., Александровна, Л. А., Шеремета, М. С., Degtyarev, M. V., et al. (2021) · Problems of Endocrinology · doi:10.14341/probl12747 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Increased fT4 concentrations in patients using levothyroxine without complete suppression of TSH
Jansen, H. I., Bult, M., Bisschop, P. H. L. T., Boelen, A., Heijboer, A. C., & Hillebrand, J. J. (2023) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-22-0538 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Association Between Periodontal Diseases and Hypothyroidism: A Case–Control Study
AlAhmari, F., Albahouth, H. S., Almalky, H. A., Almutairi, E. S., Alatyan, M. H., & Alotaibi, L. (2024) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s476430 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“13,14 Studies had previously suggested that hypothyroidism may be associated with an increased risk of periodontal diseases.”
BackgroundL-T4 therapy in the presence of pharmacological interferents
Benvenga, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.607446 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“, phenothiazines, haloperidol, domperidone, metoclopramide, cimetidine), antidepressive tricyclics and a-methyldopa slightly increase serum TSH without altering thyroid function (17).”
BackgroundAlteration of Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Thyroid Axis Function in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients
Mazzoccoli, G., Pazienza, V., Piepoli, A., Muscarella, L. A., Giuliani, F., & Sothern, R. B. (2011) · Integrative Cancer Therapies · doi:10.1177/1534735411413269 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Altered pituitary–thyroid axis function, with increased FT4 and decreased TSH levels, has been described in lung cancer patients treated with IL-2 infusion, and reports in the scientific literature suggest that therapy with recombinant interleukin (IL)-2 may result in thyroid dysfunction, highlighting the need of tigh…”
The heart of the matter: Cardiac manifestations of endocrine disease
Paul, T. V., Binu, A. J., Cherian, K. E., Kapoor, N., Chacko, S. T., & George, O. K. (2017) · Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/ijem.ijem_212_17 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Kharrazian, D., Herbert, M. R., & Vojdani, A. (2017) · Journal of Thyroid Research · doi:10.1155/2017/4354723 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Levels in the body can change due to metabolic disease, pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, and hormone replacement therapy [23].”
BackgroundSarapura, V. D., Gordon, D. F., & Samuels, M. H. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-380926-1.10006-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Singh, N. K., Suri, A., Kumari, M., & Kaushik, P. (2022) · Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1515/hmbci-2021-0029 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Concurrent Use of Thyroid Hormone Therapy and Interfering Medications in Older US Veterans
Livecchi, R., Coe, A. B., Reyes-Gastelum, D., Banerjee, M., Haymart, M. R., & Papaleontiou, M. (2022) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac216 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The Role of Lithium in Management of Endocrine Tumors—A Comprehensive Review
Thakur, S., Tobey, A., & Kłubo-Gwieździńska, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2019.01092 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
A thyroid peroxidase (TPO) mutation in dogs reveals a canid-specific gene structure
Fyfe, J. C., Lynch, M., Olsen, J., & Louёr, E. (2012) · Mammalian Genome · doi:10.1007/s00335-012-9442-y · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Hypothyroidism: current state of the problem
Biryukova, E. V., Kileynikov, D. V., & Solovyeva, I. V. (2020) · Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council · doi:10.21518/2079-701x-2020-7-96-107 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Thyroid hormone profile is related to prognosis in acute decompensation of cirrhosis
Nardin, G. D., Colombo, B. D. S., Ronsoni, M. F., Silva, P. E. S. E., Fayad, L., Wildner, L. M., Bazzo, M. L., Dantas-Corrêa, E. B., Narciso-Schiavon, J. L., & Schiavon, L. D. L. (2024) · Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.20945/2359-4292-2023-0249 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…procedures; admissions not related to complications of liver cirrhosis; hepatocellular carcinoma outside Milan criteria; known thyroid diseases at the time of admission; medications that affect thyroid function (interferon, lithium, and amiodarone); (15) and doubtful diagnosis of liver cirrhosis.”
BackgroundConsiderations in the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Dysfunction in Older Adults
Jasim, S., & Papaleontiou, M. (2025) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2025.0128 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Laboratory Testing in Thyroid Disorders
Grebe, S. K. G. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72102-6_10 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Molecular Genetic Characterization of Thyroid Dyshormonogenesis in a French Bulldog
Major, S., Pettigrew, R. W., & Fyfe, J. C. (2015) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/jvim.13651 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Canine CHG most often is an inborn error of metabolism, but may be an acquired disorder caused by late fetal or neonatal iodine excess(4,5) or deficiency(6) or by exposure of the neonate or pregnant dam to a variety of drugs.(7,8) Inherited CHG is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by breed-specific mutations of t…”
BackgroundThyroid function tests and its interpretation
Shiva Raj, K. C. (2014) · Journal of Pathology of Nepal · doi:10.3126/jpn.v4i7.10318 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Daniels, G. H. (2011) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep11120.ed · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Zhang, H., Yang, L., Li, R., Bahn, R. S., Guan, H., & Zhou, H. (2026) · The EPMA Journal · doi:10.1007/s13167-026-00435-w · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Furthermore, although certain medications are known to induce thyroid dysfunction, including other immunomodulators, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, amio-darone, and lithium, their direct link to TED development remains unestablished [48].”
Sobol, G., Musioł, K., Kalina, M. A., Kalina-Faska, B., Mizia-Malarz, A. J., Ficek, K., Mandera, M., Woś, H., & Małecka‐Tendera, E. (2011) · Child s Nervous System · doi:10.1007/s00381-011-1625-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“excluded [27].”
Møllehave, L. T., Skaaby, T., Linneberg, A. R., Knudsen, N. J., Jørgensen, T., & Thuesen, B. H. (2020) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-020-02216-5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Amich, I., Anguita, E., Escribano-Serrat, S., Alvarez, C., Rodríguez-Muñoz, D., García, V., Bello, R., Peña-Pedrosa, J. A., Martínez-Micaelo, N., Amigó, N., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1025032 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Aw, T. C., & Yap, C. Y. (2011) · Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare · doi:10.1177/201010581102000212 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Relationship between TSH and free thyroxine in outpatient cancer patient population
Alkhalaileh, H., Wei, R., Lee, J. K. Y., Jones, J., & Li, J. (2023) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-023-03399-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Targeted therapies such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors are known to dysregulate thyroid function in both euthyroid and hypothyroid individuals [12].”
BackgroundHypothyroidism - A New View On An Old Disease
Islam, M. I., Ali, M. Z., Islam, S., Solayman, M., & Hoque, S. (2017) · KYAMC Journal · doi:10.3329/kyamcj.v7i1.33764 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Amiodarone Surveillance in Primary Care
Dixon, K., Thanavaro, J. L., Thais, A., & Lavin, M. A. (2013) · The Journal for Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2012.09.019 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Images in Endocrine Pathology: Thyrotoxicosis Associated with Destructive Thyroiditis
Mete, O., & Asa, S. L. (2012) · Endocrine Pathology · doi:10.1007/s12022-012-9209-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Lithium, which is used in pshyciatric disorders, is usually associated with hypothyroidism and is concentrated in the follicular epithelial cells; however, it has also been associated with destructive thyrotoxicosis similar to the illustrated case [3].”
BackgroundInfluentialDrugs and Other Substances Interfering with Thyroid Function
Montanelli, L., Benvenga, S., Hegedűs, L. D., Vitti, P., Latrofa, F., & Duntas, L. H. (2018) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29195-6_27-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Wu, W., McPhaul, M. J., & Wu, Z. R. (2022) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-2565-1_43 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Thyroid Function Abnormalities in Patients Receiving Anticancer Agents
Torino, F., Barnabei, A., Baldelli, R., & Appetecchi, M. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/50375 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“In patients with relapsing flares of thyroiditis during prolonged courses of interferon-, ablation with 131I during remission may be offered to prevent further episodes of the condition [46].”
BackgroundThyrotoxic Crisis: Thyroid Storm
Reyes-Castano, J. J., & Burman, K. D. (2013) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-697-9_9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Destructive Thyroiditis Followed by Hypothyroidism Associated with Infliximab Therapy
Özkan, Ç., Altınova, A. E., Cerit, E. T., Yalçın, M. M., Törüner, F. B., Aktürk, M., & Çakır, N. (2014) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep14097.cr · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Yang, T., & Liu, X. (2014) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/57522 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Furthermore, certain drugs were reported to trigger or exacerbate thyroid autoimmunity in susceptible individuals (Barbesino 2010, Hamnvik, Larsen et al. 2011).”
BackgroundEffects of drugs on thyroid function
Baruah, M., & Singh, R. (2012) · Thyroid Research and Practice · doi:10.4103/0973-0354.92387 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Hypothyroidism and Subclinical Hypothyroidism in the Older Patient
Gurevitz, S. L., Snyder, J. A., Peterson, K. L., & Kelly, K. L. (2011) · The Consultant Pharmacist · doi:10.4140/tcp.n.2011.657 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Autoimmune Thyroiditis in an Adolescent Girl on Lithium
Presenters:, Pesavento, J. A., Kolli, V. B., Discussants:, García-Delgar, B., & Coffey, B. J. (2016) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2016.29116.bjc · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Patients who do not have symptoms of thyroid dysfunction during treatment with lithium should have thyroid functions monitored every 6–12 months (Barbesino 2010).”
BackgroundFirst-onset postpartum psychosis
Bergink, V. (2012) · EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
HYPOTHYROIDISM – A MANIFESTATION OF AVARANA
Prasuna, S. G., Chary, B. H., & Manu.R (2021) · International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research · doi:10.47070/ijapr.v8i12.1733 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Association Between Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis and Periodontal Disease: A Narrative Review
Ahsan, A., Rafiq, Z., Fatima, M., Naeem, M., Niamat, J., Bukhari, S. J. A., & Shaikh, M. S. (2024) · Oral · doi:10.3390/oral4040042 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Interpretation of Thyroid Function Tests in Hospitalized Patients
Merchant, N. B., & Mirza, F. (2015) · Hospital Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ehmc.2014.11.002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wong, S., Webster, G. M., Venners, S. A., & Mattman, A. (2013) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2013.11.006 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Abulseoud, O. A., & Shilla, A. T. A. (2013) · Journal of Alcoholism and Drug Dependence · doi:10.4172/2329-6488.1000119 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Endocrine Diseases and the Musculoskeletal System
Cutolo, M. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-1738-9.00121-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Case of painless thyroiditis that developed during adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer
Iesato, A., Oba, T., Ono, K., Watanabe, T., Ito, T., Kanai, T., Maeno, K., & Ito, K. (2017) · International Cancer Conference Journal · doi:10.1007/s13691-017-0303-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Bernal, S. Y., & Meager, M. R. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-14895-9_25 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Samadi, A., Ziaee, M., Işıkhan, S. Y., Ulusu, N. N., & Samadi, M. (2020) · Endocrine Regulations · doi:10.2478/enr-2020-0009 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Several psychoactive drugs have been shown to alter thyroid function and production as well as hormone transport mechanisms and metabolism (Barbesino 2010).”
Background
- Authors
- Barbesino, G.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Barbesino, Giuseppe
- ORCID
- Barbesino, Giuseppe
- Venue
- Thyroid
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2010-07
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 763-770
- ISSN
- 1050-7256 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-9077
- OpenAlex
- W2106360167
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 11.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Thyroid (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
- Keywords
- drug-induced thyroid dysfunction, thyroid cancer, primary hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, amiodarone, lithium, immunomodulators, thyroid hormone metabolism, thyroid hormone replacement
- MeSH terms
- Amiodarone, Animals, Anti-Arrhythmia Agents, Drug Interactions, Humans, Lithium, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, Thyroid Diseases, Thyroid Gland, Antipsychotic Agents, Drug Monitoring, Hormone Replacement Therapy, Protein Kinase Inhibitors, Immunomodulation, Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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