The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Are we studying consciousness yet?
Abstract
© Oxford University Press 2008. All rights reserved. This chapter is concerned with the behavioural paradigms used in the search for the neural correlate of consciousness (NCC). Many researchers have questioned whether looking for the neural correlates would eventually lead to an explanatory theory of consciousness, while the proponents of NCC research maintain that focusing on correlates is a strategically sensible first step, given the complexity of the problem. The aim of this chapter is to question whether researchers are really studying the NCC at all. It argues that in hoping to sidestep the difficult conceptual issues, the phenomenon of perceptual consciousness itself is also missed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“It has been argued that type 1 d′ itself should not be taken as a measure of awareness because unconscious processing may also drive type 1 d′ (Lau, 2008), as demonstrated in clinical cases such as blindsight (Weiskrantz et al., 1974).”
From How to measure metacognition (2014) · cites this paper as Lau, 2008
Citations
Cites
(1966) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 10,293
Separate visual pathways for perception and action
Goodale, M. A., & Milner, A. D. (1992) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(92)90344-8 · Cited by 6,519
Detection Theory: A User's Guide
Macmillan, N. A., & Creelman, C. D. (1991) · Cited by 5,415
The conscious mind: in search of a fundamental theory
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-2091 · Cited by 4,150
The information available in brief visual presentations
Sperling, G. (1960) · Psychological Monographs: General and Applied · doi:10.1037/h0093759 · Cited by 4,042
(1988) · Cited by 3,656
Imaging Cognition II: An Empirical Review of 275 PET and fMRI Studies
Cabeza, R., & Nyberg, L. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/08989290051137585 · Cited by 3,598
Common regions of the human frontal lobe recruited by diverse cognitive demands
Duncan, J., & Owen, A. M. (2000) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01633-7 · Cited by 2,498
‘What’ and ‘where’ in the human brain
Ungerleider, L. G., & Haxby, J. V. (1994) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0959-4388(94)90066-3 · Cited by 1,913
Crick, F., & Koch, C. (2003) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn0203-119 · Cited by 1,492
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fleming, S. M., & Lau, H. C. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00443 · Cited by 1,408
Self-citationAttentional Routes to Conscious Perception
Chica, A. B., & Bartolomeo, P. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00001 · Cited by 937
Empirical support for higher-order theories of conscious awareness
Lau, H., & Rosenthal, D. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.05.009 · Cited by 869
Self-citationThe Border Between Seeing and Thinking
Block, N. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197622223.001.0001 · Cited by 367
Should a Few Null Findings Falsify Prefrontal Theories of Conscious Perception?
Odegaard, B., Knight, R. T., & Lau, H. (2017) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3217-16.2017 · Cited by 316
Self-citationThe attention schema theory: a mechanistic account of subjective awareness
Graziano, M. S. A., & Webb, T. W. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00500 · Cited by 224
Human consciousness and its relationship to social neuroscience: A novel hypothesis
Graziano, M. S. A., & Kastner, S. (2011) · Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17588928.2011.565121 · Cited by 195
Hard criteria for empirical theories of consciousness
Doerig, A., Schurger, A., & Herzog, M. H. (2021) · Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17588928.2020.1772214 · Cited by 194
Blindsight is qualitatively degraded conscious vision.
Phillips, I. B. (2020) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000254 · Cited by 197
Consciousness and Criterion: On Block's Case for Unconscious Seeing
Phillips, I. B. (2015) · Philosophy and Phenomenological Research · doi:10.1111/phpr.12224 · Cited by 149
Reappraising the relationship between working memory and conscious awareness
Soto, D., & Silvanto, J. (2014) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2014.06.005 · Cited by 121
Ko, Y., & Lau, H. C. (2012) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0380 · Cited by 105
Self-citationContinuous flash suppression: Known and unknowns
Pournaghdali, A., & Schwartz, B. L. (2020) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-020-01771-2 · Cited by 97
Who’s afraid of response bias?
Peters, M. A. K., Ro, T., & Lau, H. C. (2016) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niw001 · Cited by 86
Self-citationSubjective measures of consciousness in artificial grammar learning task
Wierzchoń, M., Asanowicz, D., Paulewicz, B., & Axel Cleeremans, B. (2012) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2012.05.012 · Cited by 83
Johnson, G. M. (2020) · Mind · doi:10.1093/mind/fzaa011 · Cited by 76
Subjective inflation: phenomenology’s get-rich-quick scheme
Knotts, J., Odegaard, B., Lau, H. C., & ROSENTHAL, D. M. (2018) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.11.006 · Cited by 76
Self-citationIrvine, E. (2013) · Philosophy Compass · doi:10.1111/phc3.12016 · Cited by 72
Higher-order awareness, misrepresentation and function
ROSENTHAL, D. M. (2012) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0353 · Cited by 70
Calibration in consciousness science
Michel, M. (2023) · Erkenntnis · doi:10.1007/s10670-021-00383-z · Cited by 62
Neural basis of non-conscious visual working memory
Dutta, A., Shah, K., Silvanto, J., & Soto, D. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.01.016 · Cited by 67
Rausch, M., & Zehetleitner, M. (2014) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.06.012 · Cited by 61
Visibility Is Not Equivalent to Confidence in a Low Contrast Orientation Discrimination Task
Rausch, M., & Zehetleitner, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00591 · Cited by 61
Cortical networks involved in visual awareness independent of visual attention
Webb, T. W., Igelström, K. M., Schurger, A., & Graziano, M. S. A. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1611505113 · Cited by 54
Silvanto, J. (2014) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.08.001 · Cited by 56
Hales, C. G., & Ericson, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.836046 · Cited by 49
Anchoring visual subjective experience in a neural model: The coarse vividness hypothesis
Campana, F., & Tallon‐Baudry, C. (2013) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.02.021 · Cited by 42
Eliminativism About Consciousness
Irvine, E., & Sprevak, M. D. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198749677.013.16 · Cited by 37
Metacognitive sensitivity of subjective reports of decisional confidence and visual experience
Rausch, M., Müller, H. J., & Zehetleitner, M. (2015) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2015.02.011 · Cited by 40
Tsikandilakis, M., Bali, P., Derrfuß, J., & Chapman, P. (2019) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2019.102771 · Cited by 36
Tsikandilakis, M., Bali, P., & Chapman, P. (2018) · Perception · doi:10.1177/0301006618813035 · Cited by 31
Bergström, F., & Eriksson, J. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01470 · Cited by 28
Irvine, E. (2017) · Topoi · doi:10.1007/s11245-014-9273-4 · Cited by 25
Tsikandilakis, M., & Chapman, P. (2018) · Perception · doi:10.1177/0301006618760738 · Cited by 26
Normal observers show no evidence for blindsight in facial emotion perception
Rajananda, S., Zhu, J., & Peters, M. A. K. (2020) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niaa023 · Cited by 22
Qin, J., Perdoni, C., & He, B. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023124 · Cited by 25
Theoretical motivations for investigating the neural correlates of consciousness
Lau, H. C. (2010) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.93 · Cited by 25
Self-citationKozuch, B. (2021) · Mind & Language · doi:10.1111/mila.12363 · Cited by 22
Continuous flash suppression and monocular pattern masking impact subjective awareness similarly
Knotts, J. D., Lau, H. C., & Peters, M. A. K. (2018) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-018-1578-8 · Cited by 22
Self-citationCue awareness in avoiding effortful control
Dunn, T. L., Gaspar, C., & Risko, E. F. (2018) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.05.011 · Cited by 21
Maniscalco, B., Castaneda, O. G., Odegaard, B., Morales, J., Rajananda, S., Denison, R. N., & Peters, M. A. K. (2026) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000625 · Cited by 16
Introspective psychophysics for the study of subjective experience
Peters, M. A. K. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae455 · Cited by 11
Pournaghdali, A., Schwartz, B. L., Hays, J. S., & Soto, F. A. (2022) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-022-02180-3 · Cited by 11
New measures of agency from an adaptive sensorimotor task
Wang, S., Rajananda, S., Lau, H. C., & Knotts, J. D. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244113 · Cited by 8
Self-citationRevach, D., & Salti, M. (2021) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2021.103229 · Cited by 8
Confidence Tracks Consciousness*
Morales, J., & Lau, H. C. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108768085.007 · Cited by 7
Self-citationCrucial Role of the Prefrontal Cortex in Conscious Perception
Lew, S., & Lau, H. C. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803676-1.00006-4 · Cited by 7
Self-citationInterocular suppression prevents interference in a flanker task
Wu, Q., Voi, J. T. H. L., Lee, T. Y., Mackie, M., Wu, Y., & Fan, J. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01110 · Cited by 6
Problems and Possibilities for Empirically Informed Philosophy of Mind
Irvine, E. (2014) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137286734_9 · Cited by 6
Overgaard, M. S., Jensen, M., & Sandberg, K. (2009) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21403 · Cited by 5
Computational Models of Consciousness-Emotion Interactions in Social Robotics: Conceptual Framework
Szczepanowski, R., Gakis, M., Arent, K., & Sobecki, J. F. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.72369 · Cited by 4
Berghofer, P. (2020) · Journal of Transcendental Philosophy · doi:10.1515/jtph-2019-0006 · Cited by 4
Frith, C. (2011) · Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17588928.2011.585230 · Cited by 4
Subjective inflation: phenomenology’s get-rich-quick schemePreprint
Knotts, J. D., Odegaard, B., Lau, H. C., & ROSENTHAL, D. M. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/x49mz · Cited by 6
Self-citationEvaluative experiences: the epistemological significance of moral phenomenology
Berghofer, P. (2021) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-021-03044-4 · Cited by 3
The Attention Schema Theory of Consciousness
Graziano, M. S. A. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315676982-14 · Cited by 3
van Elk, M., & Blanke, O. (2011) · Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17588928.2011.588488 · Cited by 3
Zheng, Z., Trübutschek, D., Huang, S., Cai, Y., & Melloni, L. (2025) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106104 · Cited by 3
Luper, S. (2014) · The Southern Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1111/sjp.12062 · Cited by 2
Cognitive penetration is common but does not challenge the joint
Block, N. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197622223.003.0009 · Cited by 2
Perception is iconic; cognition is discursive
Block, N. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197622223.003.0005 · Cited by 1
Criteria and awareness in perceptual decision
Fleming, S. M. (2011) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
Should Damage to the Machinery of Social Perception Damage Perception?
Carruthers, P., & Picciuto, V. (2011) · Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17588928.2011.585229
Wierzchoń, M., & Gruszka, A. (2011) · Studia Psychologiczne (Psychological Studies) · doi:10.2478/v10167-010-0026-8
Metapoznawczy model świadomości emocji i empiryczne dowody na jego wykonalność
Szczepanowski, R. (2013) · Przegląd Filozoficzny - Nowa Seria · doi:10.2478/pfns-2013-0048
Irvine, E. E. (2014)
Cue Awareness in Avoiding Effortful Control (in press)Preprint
Dunn, T., Gaspar, C., & Lab, C. (2017) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/pd8cf
Evidence that is wrongly taken to show that perception is conceptual
Block, N. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197622223.003.0008
Block, N. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197622223.003.0011
Core cognition and perceptual analogs of concepts
Block, N. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197622223.003.0012
Block, N. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197622223.003.0014
Neural evidence that perception is nonconceptual
Block, N. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197622223.003.0007
Markers of the perceptual and the cognitive
Block, N. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197622223.003.0002
Perception is constitutively nonpropositional and nonconceptual
Block, N. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197622223.003.0004
Two kinds of seeing-as and singular content
Block, N. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197622223.003.0003
Block, N. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197622223.003.0013
Block, N. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197622223.002.0005
Block, N. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197622223.002.0003
Nonconceptual color perception
Block, N. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197622223.003.0006
Block, N. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197622223.002.0007
Top-down effects that are probably not cases of cognitive penetration
Block, N. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197622223.003.0010
Block, N. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197622223.003.0001
Content: A Possible Key to ConsciousnessPreprint
Clark, T. W. (2023) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/79xg8
Successful Intuition vs. Intellectual Hallucination: How We Non-Accidentally Grasp the Third Realm
Berghofer, P. (2024) · Erkenntnis · doi:10.1007/s10670-024-00808-5
Zheng, Z., Trübutschek, D., Huang, S., Cai, Y., & Melloni, L. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/9dysm
Decoupling sensory from attentional processes in conscious perception of speech
Garnier-Allain, A. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/0e9945a4zf9c7z49d6z991az674158fdf237
The Visual Experience of Kinds
Mărășoiu, A. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/4077439
Metadata
- Authors
- Lau, H. C.
- Corresponding author
- Lau, Hakwan C.
- ORCID
- Lau, Hakwan C.
- Venue
- Frontiers of ConsciousnessChichele Lectures
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press
- Published
- 2008-10-16
- Pages
- 245-258
- OpenAlex
- W2503770073
- Cited by
- 88
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 11.02
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Oxford University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Free Will and Agency
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation
- Keywords
- neural correlates of consciousness, perceptual consciousness, behavioural paradigm, philosophy of mind
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review