‘What’ and ‘where’ in the human brain

Ungerleider, Leslie G.; Haxby, James V.

doi:10.1016/0959-4388(94)90066-3

Cited by 1,913Visual perception and processing mechanismsFace Recognition and PerceptionVisual Attention and Saliency Detection

‘What’ and ‘where’ in the human brain

Ungerleider, Leslie G., Haxby, James V.·1994·Current Opinion in Neurobiology

DOI 10.1016/0959-4388(94)90066-3

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Abstract

Multiple visual areas in the cortex of nonhuman primates are organized into two hierarchically organized and functionally specialized processing pathways, a 'ventral stream' for object vision and a 'dorsal stream' for spatial vision. Recent findings from positron emission tomography activation studies have localized these pathways within the human brain, yielding insights into cortical hierarchies, specialization of function, and attentional mechanisms.

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There is an interesting structure to the anti-edges that speaks to the well known segregation of dorsal and ventral pathways in the visual system: the missing connections are between the superior temporal sulcus and the early visual system, and between the ventral superior temporal sulcus/angular gyrus and dorsal posterior parietal cortex.
“There is an interesting structure to the anti-edges that speaks to the well known segregation of dorsal and ventral pathways in the visual system (Ungerleider & Haxby 1994): The missing connections are between (i) the superior temporal sulcus and the early visual system, and (ii) the (ventral) superior temporal sulcus/angular gyrus and (dorsal) posterior parietal cortex.”
From Network discovery with DCM (2011) · cites this paper as Ungerleider & Haxby 1994

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“SOURCE: After Ungerleider and Haxby (1994).”
Event-related brain potentials in the study of visual selective attention
Hillyard, S. A., & Anllo-Vento, L. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.3.781 · Cited by 1,525 · see citing works
The emulation theory of representation: Motor control, imagery, and perception
Grush, R. (2004) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x04000093 · Cited by 1,387 · see citing works
Mechanisms and streams for processing of “what” and “where” in auditory cortex
Rauschecker, J. P., & Tian, B. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.22.11800 · Cited by 1,399 · see citing works
Neurophysiological Architecture of Functional Magnetic Resonance Images of Human Brain
Salvador, R. M., John Suckling, A., Coleman, M. R., Pickard, J. D., Menon, D. K., & Bullmore, E. T. (2005) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhi016 · Cited by 1,334 · see citing works
“4) and predicted by prior anatomical and functional neuroimaging studies (McIntosh et al., 1994; Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994); and the inverse square law relating anatomical distance to intrahemispheric functional connectivity (Fig.”
Background
fMRI resting state networks define distinct modes of long-distance interactions in the human brain
De Luca, M., Beckmann, C. F., De Stefano, N., Matthews, P. M., & Smith, S. M. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.08.035 · Cited by 1,241 · see citing works
“RSN5, by contrast, involves predominantly more inferior regions of occipital, parietal, and prefrontal cortex in a pattern recalling the complementary visual perceptual ‘‘what’’ pathway (Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994).”
Background
Listening to Action-related Sentences Activates Fronto-parietal Motor Circuits
Tettamanti, M., Buccino, G., Saccuman, M. C., Gallese, V., Danna, M., Scifo, P., Fazio, F., Rizzolatti, G., Cappa, S. F., & Perani, D. (2005) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929053124965 · Cited by 1,239 · see citing works
“In monkeys, the inferior parietal lobule receives its major visual input from the dorsal stream, and in particular, from area MT/ V5 (Ungerleider & Haxby, 1994).”
Background
Attribute-based neural substrates in temporal cortex for perceiving and knowing about objects
Chao, L. L., Haxby, J. V., & Martin, A. D. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/13217 · Cited by 1,246 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sleep, memory, and plasticity
Walker, M. P., & Stickgold, R. (2006) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070307 · Cited by 1,075 · see citing works
“…both the ventral object recognition (inferior parietal and occipital-temporal junction) and dorsal object location (superior parietal lobe) pathways (Ungerleider & Haxby 1994), together with corresponding decreases in the right temporal pole, a region involved in emotional visual processing.”
Background
The E-Z Reader model of eye-movement control in reading: Comparisons to other models
Reichle, E. D., Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (2003) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x03000104 · Cited by 1,083 · see citing works
An integrated theory of language production and comprehension
Pickering, M. J., & Garrod, S. (2013) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x12001495 · Cited by 1,569 · see citing works
Neural mechanisms for visual memory and their role in attention
Desimone, R. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.24.13494 · Cited by 1,028 · see citing works
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor val <sup>66</sup> met Polymorphism Affects Human Memory-Related Hippocampal Activity and Predicts Memory Performance
Hariri, A. R., Goldberg, T. E., Mattay, V. S., Kolachana, B. S., Callicott, J. H., Egan, M. F., & Weinberger, D. R. (2003) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-17-06690.2003 · Cited by 1,045 · see citing works
“…of the observed hippocampal activity may reflect the visual nature of the stimuli used and the processing of this information within object-sensitive fusiform and parahippocampal regions (Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994) and adjacent, interconnected hippocampal structures (Small et al., 2001).”
BackgroundMethod
Modelling neural correlates of working memory: A coordinate-based meta-analysis
Rottschy, C., Langner, R., Dogan, I., Reetz, K., Laird, A. R., Schulz, J. B., Fox, P. T., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.050 · Cited by 951 · see citing works
“While the ventral stream is supposed to hold pathways for object vision, the dorsal is supposed to process spatial vision (Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994).”
Functional MRI studies of spatial and nonspatial working memory
D’Esposito, M., Aguirre, G. K., Zarahn, E., Ballard, D., Shin, R. K., & Lease, J. (1998) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(98)00004-4 · Cited by 999 · see citing works
The Mind and Brain of Short-Term Memory
Jonides, J., Lewis, R. L., Nee, D. E., Lustig, C. A., Berman, M. G., & Moore, K. S. (2008) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093615 · Cited by 957 · see citing works
Peripheral vision and pattern recognition: A review
Strasburger, H., Rentschler, I., & Jüttner, M. (2011) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/11.5.13 · Cited by 939 · see citing works
“An interesting question has been brought up by Vickery, Shim, Chakravarthi, Jiang, and Luedeman (2009): What is the relative importance of the various mechanisms, and do their contributions act over- or under-additively? They reported an intriguing example of dramatic over-additivity, which they termed supercrowding.”
Background
Thinking the voice: neural correlates of voice perception
Belin, P., Fecteau, S., & Bédard, C. (2004) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.01.008 · Cited by 908 · see citing works
“This is consistent with recent models of the organization of the primate auditory cortex [44,45] in which a ventral ‘What’ pathway, homologous to the similar pathway in the visual system [ 46 ], would be specialized in recognition of auditory objects, and in particular, individual voices.”
Method
The human imagination: the cognitive neuroscience of visual mental imagery
Pearson, J. (2019) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-019-0202-9 · Cited by 820 · see citing works
The cingulate cortex and limbic systems for emotion, action, and memory
Rolls, E. T. (2019) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-019-01945-2 · Cited by 859 · see citing works
Cognitive Strategies Dependent on the Hippocampus and Caudate Nucleus in Human Navigation: Variability and Change with Practice
Iaria, G., Petrides, M., Dagher, A., Pike, G. B., & Bohbot, V. D. (2003) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-13-05945.2003 · Cited by 799 · see citing works
“, 1984) and monkeys (Petrides and Iversen, 1979) and functional neuroimaging studies (Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994).”
Background
Topographical disorientation: a synthesis and taxonomy
Aguirre, G. K. (1999) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/122.9.1613 · Cited by 772 · see citing works
“The authors based this proposal upon the now widely accepted model of 'two streams' of visual processing (Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994), which proposes that separable dorsal and ventral posterior cortical areas subserve the analysis of spatial position ('where') and object identity ('what'),…”
Background
Maintenance versus Manipulation of Information Held in Working Memory: An Event-Related fMRI Study
D’Esposito, M., Postle, B. R., Ballard, D., & Lease, J. (1999) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1006/brcg.1999.1096 · Cited by 779 · see citing works
Metamers of the ventral stream
Freeman, J., & Simoncelli, E. P. (2011) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2889 · Cited by 667 · see citing works
“In the V1 model (see below), we only included the central sample (that is, k = l = 0) for which equations (1) and (2) reduce to weighted variances.”
BackgroundMethod
Visual attention mediated by biased competition in extrastriate visual cortex
Desimone, R. (1998) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0280 · Cited by 696 · see citing works
“…neurobiological aspects of the model as it applies to attentional selection in thèventral stream' of extrastriate cortex, which is the network of cortical visual areas that is important for object recognition in primates (see Ungerleider & Mishkin 1982; Ungerleider & Haxby 1994; Ungerleider 1995).”
Background
The independence of combinatory semantic processing: Evidence from event-related potentials
Kim, A., & Osterhout, L. (2005) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2004.10.002 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
“The proposal focuses on similarities between the language processing system and the visual processing system, which is widely understood to contain multiple parallel streams of processing (e.g., dorsal and ventral streams that process object and spatial vision, respectively; Ungerleider & Haxby, 1994 ).”
Background
Towards a universal taxonomy of macro-scale functional human brain networks
Uddin, L. Q., Yeo, B. T. T., & Spreng, R. N. (2019) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-019-00744-6 · Cited by 683 · see citing works
“These streams have been referred to as the “where” and “what” pathways for visual object perception (Ungerleider and Haxby 1994).”
A neural system for human visual working memory
Ungerleider, L. G., Courtney, S. M., & Haxby, J. V. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.3.883 · Cited by 654 · see citing works
Self-citation
Models of object recognition
Riesenhuber, M., & Poggio, T. (2000) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/81479 · Cited by 657 · see citing works
Functional connectivity in an fMRI working memory task in high-functioning autism
Koshino, H., Carpenter, P. A., Minshew, N. J., Cherkassky, V. L., Keller, T. A., & Just, M. A. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.09.028 · Cited by 614 · see citing works
Somatosensory processes subserving perception and action
Dijkerman, H. C., & de Haan, E. H. F. (2007) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x07001392 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
Synchrony Unbound
Shadlen, M. N., & Movshon, J. A. (1999) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80822-3 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
Spatial Selective Attention Affects Early Extrastriate But Not Striate Components of the Visual Evoked Potential
Clark, V. P., & Hillyard, S. A. (1996) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1996.8.5.387 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Identifying the brain's most globally connected regions
Cole, M. W., Pathak, S., & Schneider, W. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.11.001 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
“This may reflect the privileged placement of visual processing in the human brain (Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994).”
Computational Neuroscience of Vision
Rolls, E. T., & Deco, G. (2001) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198524885.001.0001 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
Relative blindsight in normal observers and the neural correlate of visual consciousness
Lau, H. C., & Passingham, R. E. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0607716103 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Central mechanisms of odour object perception
Gottfried, J. A. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2883 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
INVARIANT FACE AND OBJECT RECOGNITION IN THE VISUAL SYSTEM
Wallis, G. M., & Rolls, E. T. (1997) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(96)00054-8 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Sleep-dependent memory consolidation and reconsolidation
Stickgold, R., & Walker, M. P. (2007) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2007.03.011 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
“However, there were also several other regions of increased post-sleep activity, throughout both the ventral object recognition (inferior parietal and occipital-temporal junction) and dorsal object location (superior parietal lobe) pathways [75], together with corresponding decreases in the right temporal pole, a regi…”
Background
Activation of the visual cortex in motivated attention
Bradley, M. M., Sabatinelli, D., Lang, P. J., Fitzsimmons, J. R., King, W., & Desai, P. (2003) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.117.2.369 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
The creative brain: investigation of brain activity during creative problem solving by means of EEG and fMRI
Fink, A., Grabner, R. H., Benedek, M., Reishofer, G., Hauswirth, V., Fally, M., Neuper, C., Ebner, F., & Neubauer, A. C. (2009) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20538 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
“These brain regions are part of the ventral stream of the visual cortex and are discussed to subserve object processing [Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994], mental imagery [Mellet et al.”
Background
Bottom-Up and Top-Down Attention
Katsuki, F., & Constantinidis, C. (2013) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858413514136 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
The What and Why of Binding
von der Malsburg, C. (1999) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80825-9 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Hierarchies, similarity, and interactivity in object recognition: “Category-specific” neuropsychological deficits
Humphreys, G. W., & Forde, E. M. E. (2001) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x01004150 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
“…in the study of Chao et al. have, in other experiments, been linked to the processing of form (in the lateral fusiform gyrus) and the processing of motion (in middle fusiform and temporal ar- BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (2001) 24:3 467 eas) (see Bonda et al. 1996; Ungerleider & Haxby 1994).”
Background
The mirror neuron system and action recognition
Buccino, G., Binkofski, F., & Riggio, L. (2003) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/s0093-934x(03)00356-0 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Functional Brain Imaging Studies of Cortical Mechanisms for Memory
Ungerleider, L. G. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.270.5237.769 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Self-citation
Beyond the arcuate fasciculus: consensus and controversy in the connectional anatomy of language
Dick, A. S., & Tremblay, P. (2012) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aws222 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
“anatomy, physiology and clinical correlates The most prominent contemporary model of language neurobiology is a dual-stream architecture analogous to that of the visual system (Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994).”
Background
Energy metabolism of the visual system
Wong‐Riley, M. T. T. (2010) · Eye and Brain · doi:10.2147/eb.s9078 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Human temporal-lobe response to vocal sounds
Belin, P., Zatorre, R. J., & Ahad, P. (2002) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(01)00084-2 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Role of the Lateral Prefrontal Cortex in Executive Behavioral Control
Tanji, J., & Hoshi, E. (2008) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00014.2007 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
The Predictive Value of Changes in Effective Connectivity for Human Learning
Büchel, C., Coull, J. T., & Friston, K. J. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.283.5407.1538 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Persistent schema-dependent hippocampal-neocortical connectivity during memory encoding and postencoding rest in humans
van Kesteren, M. T. R., Fernández, G., Norris, D. G., & Hermans, E. J. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0914892107 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
“To rule out this possibility, we repeated the interregional partial correlation analysis for hippocampal connectivity to regions comprising the ventral visual stream, which carry visual information to the hippocampus (34, 51) and are affected by attention”
Method
Developmental structure in brain evolution
Finlay, B. L., Darlington, R. B., & Nicastro, N. (2001) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x01003958 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
“…areas are also suspected, including extrastriate connections that may be responsible for subconscious perception or blindsight, and maps for particular objects, as in suspected object-centered representations in Areas 7a and LIP (Olson & Gettner 1996; Ungerleider & Haxby 1994; Weiskrantz 1996).”
Background
Humor Modulates the Mesolimbic Reward Centers
Mobbs, D., Greicius, M. D., Abdel-Azim, E., Menon, V., & Reiss, A. L. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00751-7 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
“Activation of the temporo-occipital junction (BA 37), Discussion a division of the ventral-stream of visual cortical processing (Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994), has previously The results reported here provide the first evidence that humor engages a network of subcortical structures, in- been implicated in the semantic…”
Background
Functional correlates of the lateral and medial entorhinal cortex: objects, path integration and local-global reference frames
Knierim, J. J., Neunuebel, J. P., & Deshmukh, S. S. (2014) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0369 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
A re-examination of neural basis of language processing: proposal of a dynamic hodotopical model from data provided by brain stimulation mapping during picture naming.
Duffau, H., Moritz-Gasser, S., & Mandonnet, E. (2014) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2013.05.011 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
The Organization of Local and Distant Functional Connectivity in the Human Brain
Sepulcre, J., Liu, H., Talukdar, T., Martincorena, I., Yeo, B. T. T., & Buckner, R. L. (2010) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000808 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
The Temporal Correlation Hypothesis of Visual Feature Integration
Gray, C. M. (1999) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80820-x · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Distinct Pathways Involved in Sound Recognition and Localization: A Human fMRI Study
Maeder, P., Meuli, R., Adriani, M., Bellmann, A., Fornari, E., Thiran, J., Pittet, A., & Clarke, S. (2000) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0888 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
“…from animal (Mishkin et al., 1983; Bachevalier et Mishkin, 1986; Kaas and Hackett, 1999; Romanski et al., 1999) and human (Haxby et al., 1991; Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994 ) studies demonstrated the existence of two specialized processing pathways in vision, a ventral stream involved in…”
Background
The retina in Parkinson's disease
Archibald, N. K., Clarke, M. W., Mosimann, U. P., & Burn, D. J. (2009) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awp068 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Cue-Invariant Activation in Object-Related Areas of the Human Occipital Lobe
Kalanit Grill-spector, A., Kushnir, T., Edelman, S., Itzchak, Y., & Malach, R. (1998) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80526-7 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
“performing a specific visual task (for an exposition of this issue, see Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994; DeYoe et al., 1994; Goodale et al., 1994).”
A Functional Neuroimaging Study of Sound Localization: Visual Cortex Activity Predicts Performance in Early-Blind Individuals
Gougoux, F., Zatorre, R. J., Lassonde, M. C., Voss, P., & Leporé, F. (2005) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030027 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
“]. These findings therefore suggest that V1 may play a very general role in a variety of nonvisual tasks in the blind. However, a right lingual gyrus peak was the main focus revealed by the analyses in the present study. This cortical region is known to form part of the ventral visual pathway, which is important for i…”
Background
Executive and mnemonic functions in early Huntington's disease
Lawrence, A. D., Sahakian, B. J., Hodges, J. R., Rosser, A., Lange, K. W., & Robbins, T. W. (1996) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/119.5.1633 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Neural Systems Shared by Visual Imagery and Visual Perception: A Positron Emission Tomography Study
Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., & Alpert, N. M. (1997) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1997.0295 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
“…this subsystem is implemented in the middle and inferior temporal gyri of humans (e.g., see Bly & Kosslyn, 1997; Gross et al., 1984; Kosslyn et al., 1994; Levine, 1982; Tanaka et al., 1991; Sergent et al., 1992a,b; Haxby et al., 1991; Ungerleider & Haxby, 1994; Ungerleider & Mishkin, 1982).”
BackgroundInfluential
Assessing the auditory dual-pathway model in humans
Arnott, S. R., Binns, M. A., Grady, C. L., & Alain, C. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.01.014 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
“Primary sensory processing areas aside, the two networks share many commonalties with the human spatial and nonspatial visual processing findings (Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994).”
Background
Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Baum, S. H., Stevenson, R. A., & Wallace, M. T. (2015) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.007 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
“An additional distinction that can be drawn in assessing visual function in ASD is the classic dichotomy between so-called ‘‘where’’ versus ‘‘what’’ processes (Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994).”
Background
A multimodal language region in the ventral visual pathway
Büchel, C., Price, C., & Friston, K. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/28389 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
“Visual object processing, including processing of letters and word”
Method
Working Memory for Letters, Shapes, and Locations: fMRI Evidence against Stimulus-Based Regional Organization in Human Prefrontal Cortex
Nystrom, L. E., Braver, T. S., Sabb, F. W., Delgado, M. R., Noll, D. C., & Cohen, J. D. (2000) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0572 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
“Finally, just as multiple attributes of a stimulus (such as location and identity) are automatically encoded and processed in multiple parallel streams within posterior cortical regions ( Ungerleider and Haxby, 1984 ), perhaps multiple attributes are also automatically processed in parallel streams within anterior WM…”
Background
The Role of Neural Mechanisms of Attention in Solving the Binding Problem
Reynolds, J. H., & Desimone, R. (1999) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80819-3 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Functional imaging of human crossmodal identification and object recognition
Amedi, A., von Kriegstein, K., van Atteveldt, N., Beauchamp, M. S., & Naumer, M. J. (2005) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-005-2396-5 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
“There is a widely accepted notion of two processing streams between early visual areas in the occipital cortex and higher-order processing centers in the temporal and parietal lobes, referred to as the dorsal and ventral streams, respectively (Ungerleider and Haxby 1994).”
Background
Information flow in the auditory cortical network
Hackett, T. A. (2010) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2010.01.011 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
New insights into the functions of the superior temporal cortex
Karnath, H. (2001) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35086057 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
“Traditionally, the ventral pathway from V1 to the inferior temporal cortex was thought to process form, or 'what' an object is, whereas the dorsal stream projecting to the posterior parietal cortex provides information about 'where' an object i”
Background
Stepwise Connectivity of the Modal Cortex Reveals the Multimodal Organization of the Human Brain
Sepulcre, J., Sabuncu, M. R., Yeo, T. B., Liu, H., & Johnson, K. A. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0759-12.2012 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
“…local modularity and hierarchical connections in sensory cortices (Maunsell and van Essen, 1983; Felleman and Van Essen, 1991; Distler et al., 1993; Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994; Sepulcre et al., 2010), as well as integrative association areas that receive widespread projections from distributed…”
Background
Pulvinar contributions to the dorsal and ventral streams of visual processing in primates
Kaas, J. H., & Lyon, D. C. (2007) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.02.008 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Where is 'where' in the human auditory cortex?
Zatorre, R. J., Bouffard, M. A., Ahad, P. A., & Belin, P. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn904 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
“According to this view, which draws an analogy to a similar organization in the visual cortice”
Background
Selective visual-spatial attention alters induced gamma band responses in the human EEG
Gruber, T. (1999) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(99)00176-5 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
“…is thought to be specialized for the analysis of object features (color, shape etc. ± thèwhat' system), and the occipito-parietal or dorsal pathway seems to be specialized for the analysis of motion and the spatial relationship between objects (thèwhere' system; Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994).”
Background
Functional Anatomy of the Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus: From Historical Reports to Current Hypotheses
Herbet, G., Zemmoura, I., & Duffau, H. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2018.00077 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
“Object Recognition In view of the ILF’s cortical endpoints in visual occipital and inferior temporal associative areas, this tract is topographically well located to subserve the so-called ventral visual stream (as opposed to the dorsal visual stream) thought to be critical for object recognition (Ungerleider and Haxb…”
Background
Explicit information for category-orthogonal object properties increases along the ventral stream
Hong, H., Yamins, D. L. K., Majaj, N. J., & DiCarlo, J. J. (2016) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4247 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Recognition memory: neuronal substrates of the judgement of prior occurrence
Brown, M. W., & Xiang, J. ‐. (1998) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00002-1 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
“Suzuki, 1996a; Aggleton and Brown, 1998) and human imaging (Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994; Fletcher et al., 1995; Grafton, 1995; Buckner and Petersen, 1996; Nyberg et al., 1996; Tulving and Markowitsch, 1997).”
Background
Hierarchical active inference: A theory of motivated control
Pezzulo, G., Rigoli, F., & Friston, K. J. (2018) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2018.01.009 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
“, ‘what’ and ‘where’ [39] or ‘what’ and ‘when’ [38]).”
Cortical capacity constraints for visual working memory: dissociation of fMRI load effects in a fronto-parietal network
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“Conscious allocentricity may also be related to the distinction between ventral and dorsal visual pathways (Ungerleider & Haxby, 1994).”
Background
Working memory for complex figures: An fMRI comparison of letter and fractal n-back tasks
Ragland, J. D., Turetsky, B. I., Gur, R. C., Gunning-Dixon, F., Turner, T., Schroeder, L., Chan, R., & Gur, R. E. (2002) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.16.3.370 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
“The domain specificity model is an extension of primate studies linking object identification (“what”) with a ventral occipitotemporal pathway and spatial perception (“where”) with a dorsal occipitoparietal pathway (Ungerleider & Haxby, 1994; Ungerleider & Mishkin, 1982).”
Background
Selective attention to the color and direction of moving stimuli: Electrophysiological correlates of hierarchical feature selection
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“An organizing principle of these areas is the notion of a ventral stream carrying information about object identity (the “what” pathway), and a dorsal stream, carrying information about object location (the “where” pathway)[71].”
Converging language streams in the human temporal lobe
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“Analogous auditory and visual pathways have been demonstrated in the human brain (Ungerleider and Haxby, 1994; Alain et al., 2001; Scott and Johnsrude, 2003).”
Background
Sleep benefits subsequent hippocampal functioning
Van Der Werf, Y. D., Altena, E., Schoonheim, M. M., Sanz-Arigita, E. J., Vis, J. C., De Rijke, W., & Van Someren, E. J. W. (2009) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2253 · Cited by 313 · see citing works

Authors: Ungerleider, L. G., & Haxby, J. V.
Affiliations: National Institute of Mental Health (US)
National Institutes of Health (US)
ORCID: Ungerleider, Leslie G.
Haxby, James V.
Venue: Current Opinion in Neurobiology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1994
Volume: 4
Issue: 2
Pages: 157-165
ISSN: 0959-4388 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0959-4388(94)90066-3
OpenAlex: W1968001820
Semantic Scholar: f555892206c2fd773b6c4d311dc616f9aa3fae23
Cited by: 1,913
References: 84
Citations by year: 2026: 32 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 96 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 73 · 2016: 69 · 2015: 77 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 82 · 2012: 76
FWCI: 3.05
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Current Opinion in Neurobiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Trento) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
Keywords: ventral stream, dorsal stream, object vision, spatial vision, visual cortex, cortical hierarchy, functional specialization, attention, human brain
MeSH terms: Animals, Attention, Brain, Brain Diseases, Cerebral Cortex, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Face, Humans, Primates, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways

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