Physical Activity and Psychological Well-being among People Aged 65 to 84 Years
Abstract
This report deals with the findings of an epidemiological interview carried out among two representative samples (n = 800 + 800) consisting of persons born in 1904-13 and in 1914-23, and living at home in the year 1988 in the city of Jyväskylä, central Finland. The participation rate was 80% (n = 1244). It appeared that overall involvement in physical exercise decreased with increasing age, especially among the women. About 50% of the subjects carried out regular walking exercise and 40% practised some form of home gynastics which was considered not to be very intensive. About 20% of the subjects were no more physically active than was essential for performing their daily activities. According to log-linear and regression models, there was a significant association between higher prevalence of depression and no regular physical exercise. Self-rated meaningfulness of life and better subjective health were also significantly related to regular and intensive physical exercise. These relationships were more obvious among the younger cohort (65-74 years). The results suggest that involvement in physical exercise may promote positive perceptions of psychological well-being among the elderly. On the other hand, psychological well-being seemed to be an important predictor for staying physically active at advanced ages. These findings are based on a cross-sectional study and therefore leave open the question of direction of causality which will be pursued in a follow-up survey.
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A significant correlation was found between levels of physical activity and levels of depression; as activity levels went up, depression levels went down.
“A significant correlation was found between levels of physical activity and levels of depression.8 As activity levels went up in this study, depression levels went down.”
From AD-venture program: Therapeutic biking for the treatment of depression in long-term care residents with dementia (2002) · cites this paper as [8]
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BackgroundPhysical activity, exercise, depression and anxiety disorders
Ströhle, A. (2009) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-008-0092-x · Cited by 1,269 · see citing works
“Cross-sectional studies have consistently associated high self-reported levels of habitual physical activity with better mental health and a correlation of habitual exercise level with low depression (but not anxiety) has been described in adolescents (Morris et al. 1992) and elderly subjects ( Ruuskanen and Ruoppila…”
BackgroundNetz, Y., Wu, M.-J., Becker, B. J., & Tenenbaum, G. (2005) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.20.2.272 · Cited by 1,012 · see citing works
“These findings support the results of Ruuskanen and Ruoppila (1995) who reported that active older adults at the age of 60–75 had fewer depressive symptoms than their nonactive peers.”
ResultPhysical activity dose-response effects on outcomes of depression and anxiety
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“…exercise and depression in the elderly tend to report an inverse relationship between level of physical activity and depression scores (e.g. Ruuskanen and Ruoppila, 1995; Hassmen et al., 2000), with physical activity possibly performing a protective function against developing symptoms of…”
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“Cross-sectional studies of clinical and nonclinical samples have consistently found that more active individuals report lower depression scores than more sedentary individuals.[52-59] Large-scale prospective studies also suggest that regular physical activity is associated with lower scores on depression questionnaire…”
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“Meaning in life or purpose in life is positively associated with physical activity in cross-sectional studies (Hooker & Masters, 2016b; Ruuskanen & Ruoppila, 1995).”
BackgroundCross-sectional and Prospective Study of Exercise and Depressed Mood in the Elderly
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Exercise holds immediate benefits for affect and cognition in younger and older adults.
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“In addition, Ruuskanen and Ruoppila (1995) observed that the impact of exercise on well-being was weaker for participants aged 76 and older than for participants aged 65 to 75 years of age.”
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“Improvements in subjective psychological well-being also have been associated with involvement in physical leisure activities (Menec, 2003; Morgan & Bath, 1998; Ruuskanen & Ruopilla, 1995).”
BackgroundNutritional Management in Long-Term Care: Development of a Clinical Guideline
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“…with the existing literature relating PIL to PA is that the evidence suggesting that PIL is positively related to engaging in PA has all been gathered using self-reported PA (Holahan et al., 2008; Holahan et al., 2011; Holahan and Suzuki, 2006; Ruuskanen and Ruoppila, 1995; Takkinen et al., 2001).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHappier People Live More Active Lives: Using Smartphones to Link Happiness and Physical Activity
Lathia, N., Sandstrom, G. M., Cecilia Mascolo, C., & Rentfrow, P. J. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160589 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Exercise as a Treatment for Depression and Other Psychiatric Disorders
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Positive messaging promotes walking in older adults.
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“Furthermore, significant associations have been found between self-rated meaningfulness of life and regular and intensive physical exercise [17].”
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“In addition, exercise is associated with cognitive health in older adults by delaying the symptoms of cognitive diseases, such as dementia, and mood disorders, such as depression [35–37].”
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“These findings are compatible with those of several previous studies [11,17,18].”
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“Retirees may participate in order to develop independence (DeForche & DeBourdeaudhuij, 2000), escape daily stress (Siegenthaler, 1997), personal fulfilment (Ruuskanen & Ruoppila, 1995) and to develop a sense of control (Stathi et al., 2002).”
BackgroundIs There a Preferred Mode of Exercise for Cognition Enhancement in Older Age?—A Narrative Review
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BackgroundSelf-citationCustomary Physical Activity and Psychological Wellbeing: A Longitudinal Study
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“These latter findings are consistent with a more recently reported study of elderly residents in Jyvaskyla, Finland [ 14 ], which found that significant relationships between higher depression symptom scores and lower levels of activity were closely related to physical health, and most evident in men.”
ResultAerobic Endurance Exercise Improves Executive Functions in Depressed Patients
Kubesch, S., Bretschneider, V., Freudenmann, R., Weidenhammer, N., Lehmann, M., Spitzer, M., & Grön, G. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v64n0905 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“hysical activity exerts effects on well-being in younger and older adults.(1,2) Reports have already Aerobic Endurance Exercise Improves Executive Functions in Depressed Patients”
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“For example, deterioration of chronic diseases such as chronic heart failure, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease usually correlates with decreased activities [90].”
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“Ruuskanen and Ruoppila (1995) found that intensive and regular physical exercise was significantly associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms in two of the study’s older age groups (65–69 and 70–75 years) but not in the oldest age groups (75–79 and 80–84 years).”
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“This finding is consistent with physical activity literature that has shown that activity itself can enhance self-efficacy (30,31), as well as many other health and functional outcomes (32–34).”
ResultAssociations between physical activity and depressive symptoms in women
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“Only three studies have been identified which specifically compared leisuretime physical activity with physical activity in other domains [24-26], with all three suggesting leisure-time physical activity was more strongly associated with lower odds of depression than physical activity undertaken in any other domain (d…”
BackgroundResultLong-Term Impact of Preventive Proactivity on Quality of Life of the Old-Old
Kahana, E. F., Lawrence, R. H., Kahana, B., Kercher, K., Wisniewski, A., Stoller, E. P., Tobin, J., & Stange, K. C. (2002) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200205000-00003 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“Our findings are consistent with observations documented in one study that intensity of physical exercise was associated with greater self-reported meaning in life (55).”
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“…person with recreational involvement will have the same level of well-being; this phenomenon means that there are some variables between recreational involvement and well-being that affect their relationship (Hassmen et al., 2000; Reich & Zautra, 1981; Ruuskanen & Ruoppila, 1995; Resnick, 2000).”
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BackgroundLife satisfaction and leisure activities during men's retirement: A Turkish sample
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“Several studies have reported that regular physical activity and exercise increase both the functional capacity of the elderly and their life satisfaction, and that one of the most important factors determining life satisfaction in the elderly is their level of functional independence (Cress et al, 1995 ; Harris, O’Ha…”
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“However, since current cohorts of elderly people show relatively low participation rates in sports and formal exercise programmes [2], the health implications of habitual or customary physical activity levels in later life have attracted particular attention [ 3 - 5 ]. While recall-based survey assessments of physical…”
MethodJob Characteristics and Leisure Physical Activity
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“Studies have shown that involvement in physical activity tends to diminish with increasing age (Gordon et al., 1976; Mills et al., 1996; Ruuskanen & Ruoppila, 1995).”
BackgroundPhysical Activity Levels and Well-Being in Older Adults
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“However, leisure activities that promote relatively strenuous physical activity appear to be of the greatest benefit to younger (60–74 years of age), older people [21] and, indeed, may be beyond the capacity of those of more advanced ages, the ‘oldest old’ (>85 years of age) especially.”
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“First, the recreationist’s higher level of involvement is associated with more positive emotions, such as well-being (Hassmen, Koivula, & Uutela, 2000 ; Resnick, 2000 ; Ruuskanen & Ruoppila, 1995 ) and flow experience (Havitz & Mannell, 2005 ).”
Leisure Activity and Depressive Symptoms of Widowed and Married Women in Later Life
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“Participation in physical and outdoor leisure activities have also been associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms (Morgan & Bath, 1998; Ruuskanen & Ruopilla, 1995) and increased happiness and life satisfaction (Menec, 2003).”
BackgroundPhysical Activity and Mental Well-being in a Cohort Aged 60–64 Years
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“For example, physical activity and quality of life have been found to be related, with elderly persons who are more active being better off (Ruuskanen and Ruoppila 1995; Parkatti et al. 1998).”
BackgroundPhysical Activity as a Nonpharmacological Treatment for Depression: A Review
Phillips, W. T., Kiernan, M., & King, A. C. (2003) · Complementary health practice review · doi:10.1177/1076167502250792 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“…(Krause, Goldenhar, Liang, Jay, & Maeda, 1993; Weyerer, 1992) and intensity or amount of physical activity (Brown & Lawton, 1986; Fredrick, Frerichs, & Clark, 1988; Lobstein, Mosbacher, & Ismail, 1983; Ross & Hayes, 1988; Ruuskanen & Ruoppila, 1995; Stephens, 1988; Stephens & Craig, 1990).”
Customary Physical Activity and Physical Health Outcomes in Later Life
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“…(Fries, 1996) and loss of functional ability (Ho et al, 1997), improved balance and strength (Wolfson et al, 1996; Wolf et al, 1996), reduced incidence of falls (and hence risk of fractures; Campbell et al, 1997), as well as higher quality of life (MacRae et al, 1996; Ruuskanen & Ruoppila, 1995).”
BackgroundExercise and Quality of Life in Elderly Individuals
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Morgan, K. D., & Clarke, D. (1997) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.51.5.490 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Physical fitness assessment of older adults in the primary care setting
Purath, J., Buchholz, S. W., & Kark, D. L. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1111/j.1745-7599.2008.00391.x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Buettner, L. L., & Fitzsimmons, S. (2002) · American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/153331750201700205 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The case for leisure education in preparation for the retirement transition.
Kleiber, D. A., & Linde, B. D. (2014) · Journal of Park and Recreation Administration · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Bergland, A., Thorsen, K., & Loland, N. W. (2010) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x1000022x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Mobility, or the ability to move about independently and safely in one’s environment, is fundamental to independent living and the quality of life (Gorgon, Said and Galea 2007; Mollenkopf et al. 2004; Ruuskanen and Ruoppila 1995).”
BackgroundA influência da atividade física nos quadros depressivos de pessoas idosas: uma revisão sistemática
Guimarães, J. M. N., & Caldas, C. P. (2006) · Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia · doi:10.1590/s1415-790x2006000400009 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
İnal, S., Subaşı, F., Ay, S. M., et al. (2007) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-7-30 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“01), a finding that is consistent with several other reports [35,41,42].”
BackgroundResultWilbur, J., Zenk, S. N., Wang, E., Oh, A., McDevitt, J. H., Block, D., McNeil, S., & Ju, S. (2009) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2008.1168 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Women were encouraged to add purposeful walking for leisure to their daily activity but were also encouraged, because of the known benefits of life-style physical activity on cardiovascular health 9 and psychological health, 60 to seek additional utilitarian walking.”
Fitzsimmons, S. (2001) · Journal of Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.3928/0098-9134-20010501-06 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Physical activity, self-efficacy, and quality of life in older Czech adults
Mudrák, J., Štochl, J., Slepička, P., & Elavsky, S. (2015) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-015-0352-1 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“…risk of injury resulting from falls (Paterson and Warburton 2010); lower risk of disability (Leveille et al. 1999), including cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease (Laurin et al. 2001); and higher perceived health and subjective well-being (Netz et al. 2005; Ruuskanen and Ruoppila 1995).”
BackgroundThe Influence of the Group with Elderly Exercisers
Estabrooks, P. A., & Carron, A. V. (1999) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/104649649903000403 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“…and anxiety (Petruzzello, Landers, Hatfield, Kubitz, & Salazar, 1991); increase perceptions of positive well-being, strength, functional capacity, and spinal flexion; and decrease the chances of falling (McMurdo & Rennie, 1993; Ruuskanen & Ruoppila, 1995; Sherman, Cobb, D’Agostino, & Kannel, 1994).”
Racial Differences in Health Status and Health Behaviors of Older Adults
Kim, J., Bramlett, M. H., Wright, L. K., & Poon, L. W. (1998) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-199807000-00010 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Physical Fitness, Cognitive Function, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Older Adults
Wood, R. H., Reyes, R., Maraj, B. K. V., Metoyer, K. L., & Welsch, M. A. (1999) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.7.3.217 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Physical activity in older, rural, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white adults.
Swenson, C. J., Marshall, J. A., Mikulich‐Gilbertson, S. K., Baxter, J., & Morgenstern, N. E. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The Conceptualization and Effect of Control Beliefs on Exercise Attendance in the Elderly
Estabrooks, P. A., & Carron, A. V. (1998) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/089826439801000403 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Yohannes, A. M., Roomi, J., Waters, K. R., & Connolly, M. J. (1998) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/27.3.369 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“That a valid ADL measure should in part be predicted by exercise tolerance (walk-distance) is self-evident, and others have reported the importance of psychological well-being in the maintenance of physical activity [18].”
Background
- Authors
- RUUSKANEN, J. M., & RUOPPILA, I.
- Affiliations
- University of Jyväskylä (FI)
- Venue
- Age and Ageing
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1995
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 292-296
- ISSN
- 0002-0729 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-2834
- OpenAlex
- W2014545479
- Cited by
- 278
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 3.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Age and Ageing (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- physical activity, psychological well-being, older adults, exercise participation, depression, meaningful life, self-rated health, walking, age differences, sex differences, cohort comparison, Jyväskylä
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Attitude to Health, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Health Promotion, Humans, Male, Quality of Life, Cohort Studies, Exercise, Geriatric Assessment
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