Physical activity, exercise, depression and anxiety disorders
Abstract
There is a general belief that physical activity and exercise have positive effects on mood and anxiety and a great number of studies describe an association of physical activity and general well-being, mood and anxiety. In line, intervention studies describe an anxiolytic and antidepressive activity of exercise in healthy subjects and patients. However, the majority of published studies have substantial methodological shortcomings. The aim of this paper is to critically review the currently available literature with respect to (1) the association of physical activity, exercise and the prevalence and incidence of depression and anxiety disorders and (2) the potential therapeutic activity of exercise training in patients with depression or anxiety disorders. Although the association of physical activity and the prevalence of mental disorders, including depression and anxiety disorders have been repeatedly described, only few studies examined the association of physical activity and mental disorders prospectively. Reduced incidence rates of depression and (some) anxiety disorders in exercising subjects raise the question whether exercise may be used in the prevention of some mental disorders. Besides case series and small uncontrolled studies, recent well controlled studies suggest that exercise training may be clinically effective, at least in major depression and panic disorder. Although, the evidence for positive effects of exercise and exercise training on depression and anxiety is growing, the clinical use, at least as an adjunct to established treatment approaches like psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy, is still at the beginning. Further studies on the clinical effects of exercise, interaction with standard treatment approaches and details on the optimal type, intensity, frequency and duration may further support the clinical administration in patients. Furthermore, there is a lack of knowledge on how to best deal with depression and anxiety related symptoms which hinder patients to participate and benefit from exercise training.
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Exercise as a treatment may result in fewer relapses than treatment with the antidepressant sertraline.
“Research has also indicated that exercise as a treatment may result in fewer relapses than treatment with the antidepressant sertraline. [14]”
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Physical activity and exercise have been proposed to exert a preventive effect on mental disorder onset and to be involved in mediating resilient functioning.
“other lifestyle interventions such as physical activity and exercise have been proposed to exert a preventive effect on mental disorder onset and to be involved in mediating resilient functioning (Ströhle, 2009).”
From The applied implications of epigenetics in anxiety, affective and stress-related disorders - A review and synthesis on psychosocial stress, psychotherapy and prevention (2020) · cites this paper as Ströhle, 2009
Exercise may decrease emotional exhaustion and improve sleep and recovery.
“Exercise may decrease emotional exhaustion and improve sleep and recovery. 55”
Physical activity has been a longstanding behavior recommended to minimize anxiety because of its anxiolytic properties.
“Physical activity has been a longstanding behavior recommended to minimize anxiety because of its anxiolytic properties (Ströhle, 2009).”
From Reciprocal associations between screen time and emotional disorder symptoms during adolescence (2019) · cites this paper as Ströhle, 2009
Benefits of regular physical activity and/or exercise extend to mental health.
“Benefits of regular physical activity and/or exercise also extend to mental health (29–31).”
From Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
A correlation between high carbohydrate diet and cognitive impairments was previously demonstrated.
“In addition, a correlation between high carbohydrate diet and cognitive impairments was previously demonstrated [307].”
From Oxidative Stress Implications in the Affective Disorders: Main Biomarkers, Animal Models Relevance, Genetic Perspectives, and Antioxidant Approaches (2016) · cites this paper as [307]
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Self-citationEspinosa, W. Z., & Baker, G. L. T. (2021) · Philippine Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.65564/pjim.67497c5743
- Authors
- Ströhle, A.
- Affiliations
- Stiftung Charité (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Ströhle, Andreas
- ORCID
- Ströhle, Andreas
- Venue
- Journal of Neural Transmission
- Published
- 2008-08-23
- Volume
- 116
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 777-784
- ISSN
- 0300-9564 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-1463
- OpenAlex
- W2161532375
- Cited by
- 1,269
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 102 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 95 · 2018: 85 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 87 · 2015: 90 · 2014: 87 · 2013: 78 · 2012: 62
- FWCI
- 3.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Neural Transmission (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- physical activity, depression, anxiety disorders, exercise training, depression prevention, panic disorder, major depressive disorder, mood, exercise therapy, adjunctive therapy, exercise adherence
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Depression, Exercise Therapy, Humans, Motor Activity, Exercise
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