Comorbid type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension exacerbates cognitive decline: evidence from a longitudinal study
Abstract
BACKGROUND: diabetes and hypertension are two highly prevalent diseases in the old population. They are highly related such that comorbidity is common. OBJECTIVES: to examine (i) the independent impact of the respective diseases on cognitive decline in very old age and (ii) the interactive impact of the two diseases on cognitive decline. SUBJECTS: 258 individuals (mean age = 83 years), all non-demented at baseline. Of these, 128 individuals (non-cases) were free from diabetes and hypertension, 92 individuals had a diagnosis of hypertension, 16 had a type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosis without hypertension, and 22 had comorbid diabetes and hypertension. METHOD: a population-based longitudinal study of ageing (The OCTO-Twin Study), including four measurement occasions 2 years apart. The Mini-Mental State Examination was used to measure general cognitive function. Data were analysed using SAS Proc Mixed multilevel modelling. RESULTS: longitudinal trajectories indicated a steeper decline in cognitive function related to diabetes but not related to hypertension. However, the results indicated greatest cognitive decline among persons with comorbid diabetes and hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: it is concluded that comorbidity of diabetes and hypertension produce a pronounced cognitive decline. This finding emphasises the importance of prevention and treatment of those highly prevalent diseases in the old population.
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Six studies reported time-related changes as a continuous variable using either the MMSE or 3MS score in individuals with and without a history of diabetes.
“Table 2 lists the six studies that reported time-related changes as a continuous variable using either the MMSE or 3MS score in individuals with and without a history of diabetes [49, 51, 52, 54, 65, 69].”
From Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes—systematic overview of prospective observational studies (2005) · cites this paper as [65]
Studies reporting the development of future dementia reported that people with diabetes had a higher risk of all-cause dementia than people without diabetes.
“Studies reporting the development of future dementia of these reported that people with diabetes had a higher risk of all-cause dementia than people without diabetes [56, 58, 64, 65, 67].”
From Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes—systematic overview of prospective observational studies (2005) · cites this paper as [65]
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- Authors
- Hassing, L. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Hassing, L. B.
- ORCID
- Hassing, L. B.
- Venue
- Age and Ageing
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2004-04-13
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 355-361
- ISSN
- 0002-0729 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-2834
- OpenAlex
- W2171969403
- Cited by
- 249
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 6.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Age and Ageing (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Pennsylvania State University
- Wenner-Gren Stiftelserna
- Forskningsrådet för Arbetsliv och Socialvetenskap
- Karolinska Institutet
- Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse
- National Institutes of Health (AG08861)
- National Institute on Aging (NIA: AG 08861, AG 08861)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Chronic Disease Management Strategies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, hypertension, comorbidities, cognitive decline, oldest old, older adults, cognitive function, disease interaction
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cognition, Dementia, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Longitudinal Studies, Male
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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