CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 521Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchCancer-related cognitive impairment studiesMenopause: Health Impacts and Treatments

Is Diabetes Associated With Cognitive Impairment and Cognitive Decline Among Older Women?

Gregg, Edward W.·2000·Archives of Internal Medicine
DOI 10.1001/archinte.160.2.174
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The long-term effect of type 2 diabetes on cognitive function is uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether older women with diabetes have an increased risk of cognitive impairment and cognitive decline. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Four research centers in the United States (Baltimore, Md; Portland, Ore; Minneapolis, Minn; and the Monongahela Valley, Pennsylvania). PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling white women 65 years and older (n = 9679). MEASUREMENTS: Physician-diagnosed diabetes and other aspects of health history were assessed by interview. Three tests of cognitive function, the Digit Symbol test, the Trails B test, and a modified version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (m-MMSE), were administered at baseline and 3 to 6 years later. Change in cognitive function was defined by the change in the score for each test. Major cognitive decline was defined as the worst 10th percentile change in the score for each test. RESULTS: Women with diabetes (n = 682 [7.0%]) had lower baseline scores than those without diabetes on all 3 tests of cognitive function (Digit Symbol and Trials B tests, P<.01; m-MMSE, P = .03) and experienced an accelerated cognitive decline as measured by the Digit Symbol test (P<.01) and m-MMSE (P = .03). Diabetes was also associated with increased odds of major cognitive decline as determined by scores on the Digit Symbol (odds ratio = 1.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.20-2.23) and Trails B (odds ratio, 1.74; 95% confidence interval, 1.27-2.39) tests when controlled for age, education, depression, stroke, visual impairment, heart disease, hypertension, physical activity, estrogen use, and smoking. Women who had diabetes for more than 15 years had a 57% to 114% greater risk of major cognitive decline than women without diabetes. CONCLUSION: Diabetes is associated with lower levels of cognitive function and greater cognitive decline among older women.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1001/archinte.160.2.174

Cites

43 of 43 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Six studies reported time-related changes as a continuous variable using either the MMSE or 3MS score in individuals with and without a history of diabetes.

    “Table 2 lists the six studies that reported time-related changes as a continuous variable using either the MMSE or 3MS score in individuals with and without a history of diabetes [49, 51, 52, 54, 65, 69].”

    From Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes—systematic overview of prospective observational studies (2005) · cites this paper as [54]

  • At least one included study reported an association between diabetes and cognitive decline even after adjustment for depression.

    “However, at least one of the studies [54] reported an association between diabetes and cognitive decline even after adjustment for depression.”

    From Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes—systematic overview of prospective observational studies (2005) · cites this paper as [54]

  • Prospective epidemiological studies show a relationship between cognitive decline and clinical markers associated with hyperglycaemia (e.g., use of glucose-lowering medication, diabetes duration, diabetes complications).

    “Finally, prospective epidemiological studies also show a relationship between cognitive decline and clinical markers associated with hyperglycaemia, e.g. use of glucose-lowering medication, diabetes duration and diabetes complications [46, 48, 49, 54, 56, 64].”

    From Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes—systematic overview of prospective observational studies (2005) · cites this paper as [54]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Gregg, E. W.
Affiliations
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
Corresponding author
Gregg, Edward W.
ORCID
Gregg, Edward W.
Venue
Archives of Internal Medicine
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Published
2000-01-24
Volume
160
Issue
2
Pages
174
ISSN
0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1001/archinte.160.2.174
OpenAlex
W2014788105
Cited by
521
References
43
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 28
FWCI
11.86
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Archives of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (AM35584)
  • National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (AR35583, AR 35582, R01AR035582, R01AR035583)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Cancer-related cognitive impairment studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
Keywords
type 2 diabetes, cognitive impairment, cognitive decline, older women, cognitive function, diabetes duration, executive function, Trail Making Test, digit symbol test, Mini-Mental State Examination
MeSH terms
Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cognition Disorders, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, United States, Cohort Studies

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review