Cited by 144Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular HealthCholesterol and Lipid MetabolismLipid metabolism and disorders

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Low-density-lipoprotein subclasses and response to a low-fat diet in healthy men

Krauss, RM, Dreon, DM·1995·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Abstract

Lipid and lipoprotein responses to reduced dietary fat intake were investigated in relation to differences in distribution of low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) subclasses among 105 healthy men consuming high-fat (46% fat) and low-fat (24% fat) diets in random order for 6 wk each. With high-fat diets, 87 subjects had predominantly large, buoyant LDL (pattern A), whereas the remainder had primarily smaller, denser LDL (pattern B). With low-fat diets, 36 men changed from pattern A to B. Compared with the 51 men with pattern A with both diets (stable A group), men in the stable B group (n = 18) had significantly greater reductions in plasma LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and mass of mid-sized (LDL II) and small (LDL III) LDL subfractions. In both the stable A and change groups, there was a shift in LDL particle mass from larger, lipid-enriched (LDL I and II) to smaller, lipid-depleted (LDL III and IV) subfractions, suggestive of change in LDL composition with minimal change in particle number, and consistent with the observation of reduced plasma LDL cholesterol without reduced apolipoprotein B. Stable B subjects had significantly greater increases in the largest very-low-density-lipoprotein subfraction with the low-fat diet than the stable A group, and also had greater decreases in the high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) subclass HDL3 but smaller reductions in HDL2. Genetic and environmental factors influencing LDL subclass distributions thus may also contribute substantially to interindividual variation in plasma lipoprotein response to a low-fat diet.

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“Another possible adverse effect of a low-fat diet has been reported by Krauss & Dreon (1995).”
Background
Normolipidemic Subjects With Low HDL Cholesterol Levels Have Altered HDL Subpopulations
Asztalos, B. F., LeFevre, M. L., Foster, T. A., Tulley, R. T., WINDHAUSER, M. M., Wong, L., & Roheim, P. S. (1997) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.17.10.1885 · Cited by 37
Effects of hypocaloric dietary treatment enriched in oleic acid on LDL and HDL subclass distribution in mildly obese women
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The effects of fat consumption on low-density lipoprotein particle size in healthy individuals: a narrative review
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Soluble fiber and soybean protein reduce atherosclerotic lesions in guinea pigs. Sex and hormonal status determine lesion extension
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“An association between the number of CE molecules and aortic fatty streak was also observed suggesting a potential role of CE amount in early atherosclerosis development, similar to the observations in nonhuman primates (46).”
BackgroundResult
Dietary fats and oils: Technologies for improving cardiovascular health
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Health benefits of monounsaturated fatty acids
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Weight loss associated with reduced intake of carbohydrate reduces the atherogenicity of LDL in premenopausal women
Lofgren, I. E., Zern, T. L., Herron, K. L., West, K. L., Sharman, M. J., Volek, J. S., Shachter, N. S., Koo, S. I., & Fernández, M. L. (2005) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2005.03.019 · Cited by 30
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BackgroundResultInfluential
APOA1 and APOA4 Gene Polymorphisms Influence the Effects of Dietary Fat on LDL Particle Size and Oxidation in Healthy Young Adults
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“A further problem may be that the cholesterol-lowering diets tend to reduce HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), increase triacylglycerol concentrations (3, 5), and shift the LDL particle size distribution from larger and buoyant to smaller and dense (5), all of which may diminish the beneficial effect of the LDL reduction.”
Background
Low‐fat, monounsaturate‐rich diets reduce susceptibility of low density lipoproteins to peroxidation ex vivo
O’Byrne, D., O’Keefe, S. F., & Shireman, R. B. (1998) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-998-0190-1 · Cited by 26
“In contrast, low-fat diets have reduced the lipid content of LDL (46,47) and promoted the conversion of LDL from pattern A to the more dense pattern B phenotype in some individuals (46).”
Background
Problems with the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. An Alternative.
DiNicolantonio, J. J., Harcombe, Z., & O’Keefe, J. H. (2016) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 25
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High Carbohydrate and High Monounsaturated Fatty Acid Diets Similarly Affect LDL Electrophoretic Characteristics in Men Who Are Losing Weight
Archer, W. R., St‐Pierre, A., Mauger, J., Corneau, L., Bergeron, N., Lamarche, B., Dériaz, O., Landry, N., Després, J., Bergeron, J., et al. (2003) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/133.10.3124 · Cited by 24
Unesterified Plant Sterols and Stanols Do Not Affect LDL Electrophoretic Characteristics in Hypercholesterolemic Subjects
Vanstone, C. A., Jones, P. J. H., Charest, A., Desroches, S., & Lamarche, B. (2004) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/134.3.592 · Cited by 24
“Cholesterol levels in various LDL subclasses were shown to be influenced by dietary and pharmacologic interventions, particularly those that affect plasma triacylglycerol concentrations (19).”
Background
Nutritional status, genetic susceptibility, and insulin resistance—important precedents to atherosclerosis
McGillicuddy, F. C., & Roche, H. M. (2012) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201100785 · Cited by 23
“[31] Krauss, R.”
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Genetic, Metabolic, and Dietary Influences on the Atherogenic Lipoprotein Phenotype
Krauss, R. M. (1997) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000059581 · Cited by 22
Inflammation and its Association with Glucose Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease
Barzilay, J. I., & Freedland, E. S. (2003) · Treatments in Endocrinology · doi:10.2165/00024677-200302020-00002 · Cited by 22
Effects of dietary cholesterol on plasma lipoproteins and their subclasses in IDDM patients
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Poultry-Based Alternatives for Enhancing the ω3 Fatty Acid Content of American Diets
Elswyk, M. E. V., Hatch, S. D., Stella, G., Mayo, P. K., & Kubena, K. S. (1998) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000059657 · Cited by 22
Effects of long-term overfeeding on plasma lipoprotein levels in identical twins
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The effect of periodic energy restriction on growth performance, serum biochemical indices, and meat quality in sheep
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Avances en nutrición molecular: nutrigenómica y/o nutrigenética
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New perspectives on bioactivity of olive oil: evidence from animal models, human interventions and the use of urinary proteomic biomarkers
da Silva, S. R. A., Combet, E., Figueira, M. E., Koeck, T., Mullen, W., & Bronze, M. R. (2015) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665115002323 · Cited by 19
“LDL particle size is influenced by type and amount of dietary fat consumed((67)): Low-fat diets lead to a decrease in the size of LDL particles compared with high-fat diets((68)).”
Background
Replacing dietary carbohydrate with protein and fat decreases the concentrations of small LDL and the inflammatory response induced by atherogenic diets in the guinea pig
Sharman, M. J., Fernandez, M. L., Zern, T. L., Torres‐Gonzalez, M., Kraemer, W. J., & Volek, J. S. (2008) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.09.008 · Cited by 19
“The intrinsic properties of sdLDL particles have been suggested to be biologically responsible for increasing the risk of developing CAD [37–39], with numerous studies reporting that the presence of sdLDL particles is associated with a more than threefold increase in risk of coronary artery disease [38–40].”
Effect of a nutritional intervention promoting the Mediterranean food pattern on electrophoretic characteristics of low-density lipoprotein particles in healthy women from the Québec City metropolitan area
Goulet, J., Lamarche, B., Charest, A., Nadeau, G., Lapointe, A., Desroches, S., & Lemieux, S. (2004) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn20041198 · Cited by 18
“A signiﬁcant reduction in the mass of medium and small LDL size subfractions has been observed in healthy men characterised by smaller LDL particles compared with those with larger LDL particles when changing from a high-fat to a low-fat diet (Krauss & Dreon, 1995).”
Dietary and Genetic Effects on LDL Size Measures in Baboons
Singh, A. T. K., Rainwater, D. L., Kammerer, C. M., Sharp, R. M., Poushesh, M., Shelledy, W. R., & VandeBerg, J. L. (1996) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.16.12.1448 · Cited by 18
Endogenous and diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in nonhuman primates: effects of age, adiposity, and diabetes on lipoprotein profiles
Shamekh, R., Linden, E. H., Newcomb, J. D., Tigno, X. T., Jen, K. C., Pellizzon, M., & HANSEN, B. C. (2011) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2010.12.012 · Cited by 17
Diet and low-density lipoprotein particle size
Desroches, S., & Lamarche, B. (2004) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-004-0086-6 · Cited by 17
Recent Dietary Guidelines to Prevent and Treat Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity
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ISSFAL 2014 Debate: It Is Time to Update Saturated Fat Recommendations
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Phytosterols in nonfat and low-fat beverages have no impact on the LDL size phenotype
Charest, A., Vanstone, C. A., St‐Onge, M., Parson, W., Jones, P. J. H., & Lamarche, B. (2005) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602142 · Cited by 15
“LDL particle size is influenced by metabolic and dietary factors that affect plasma TG levels (Dreon et al, 1994; Krauss & Dreon, 1995).”
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The effects of saturated fat intake from dairy on CVD markers: the role of food matrices
Dunne, S., Gibney, E. R., McGillicuddy, F. C., & Feeney, E. L. (2024) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665124000132 · Cited by 13
Low High‐Density Lipoprotein 3 Reduces the Odds of Men Surviving to Age 85 During 53‐Year Follow‐Up
Williams, P. T. (2012) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03851.x · Cited by 13
“Another study confirmed that replacing dietary carbohydrates with fat significantly increased HDL3 mass concentrations.(40) In conclusion, components within HDL3, or factors associated with the metabolic state characterized by HDL3 mass greater than the 25th percentile, may promote longevity in men.”
Background
PPARγ2 Gene Pro12Ala and PPARα Gene Leu162Val Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Interact with Dietary Intake of Fat in Determination of Plasma Lipid Concentrations
AlSaleh, A. F. F., Frost, G. S., Griffin, B. A., Lovegrove, J. A., Jebb, S. A., Sanders, T. A. B., O’Dell, S. D., & on behalf of the RISCK Study investigators (2011) · Lifestyle Genomics · doi:10.1159/000336362 · Cited by 13
Dietary and Genetic Effects on LDL Heterogeneity
Krauss, R. M. (2001) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000059791 · Cited by 13

Authors: Krauss, R., & Dreon, D.
Venue: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1995-08
Volume: 62
Issue: 2
Pages: 478S-487S
ISSN: 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/62.2.478s
OpenAlex: W2098213415
Cited by: 144
References: 61
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 4.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5p01hl018574-26)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL-18574)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipid metabolism and disorders
Keywords: LDL particle size, low-fat diet, dietary fat reduction, LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, VLDL, HDL subfractions, HDL3, HDL2, interindividual variability, serum lipoproteins, healthy men
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Apolipoproteins B, Dietary Fats, Humans, Lipids, Cholesterol, HDL, Lipoproteins, LDL, Cholesterol, LDL, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Biological, Regression Analysis, Body Mass Index, Cross-Over Studies, Diet, Fat-Restricted

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Low-density-lipoprotein subclasses and response to a low-fat diet in healthy men

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