The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Development of bioelectrical impedance analysis prediction equations for body composition with the use of a multicomponent model for use in epidemiologic surveys.
Open accessAbstract
Background Previous studies to develop and validate bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) equations to predict body composition were limited by small sample sizes, sex specificity, and reliance on reference methods that use a 2-component model. Objective This study was designed to develop sex-specific BIA equations to predict total body water (TBW) and fat-free mass (FFM) with the use of a multicomponent model for children and adults. Design Data from 5 centers were pooled to create a sample of 1474 whites and 355 blacks aged 12-94 y. TBW was measured by dilution, and FFM was estimated with a multicomponent model based on densitometry, isotope dilution, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results The final race-combined TBW prediction equations included stature(2)/resistance and body weight (R(2) = 0.84 and 0.79 and root mean square errors of 3.8 and 2.6 L for males and females, respectively; CV: 8%) and tended to underpredict TBW in black males (2.0 L) and females (1.4 L) and to overpredict TBW in white males (0.5 L) and females (0.3 L). The race-combined FFM prediction equations contained the same independent variables (R(2) = 0.90 and 0.83 and root mean square errors of 3.9 and 2.9 kg for males and females, respectively; CV: approximately 6%) and tended to underpredict FFM in black males (2.1 kg) and females (1.6 kg) and to overpredict FFM in white males (0.4 kg) and females (0.3 kg). Conclusion These equations have excellent precision and are recommended for use in epidemiologic studies to describe normal levels of body composition.
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“Although DXA cannot be considered the gold standard for the determination of FFM at the molecular level, and the four-compartment model (4C) is the most suitable reference method to assess FM and FFM at the molecular level (12), due to the complexity of the technique (13), the use of DXA to derive BIA equations has been widely accepted (14, 15).”
From Development and Cross-Validation of a Predictive Equation for Fat-Free Mass in Brazilian Adolescents by Bioelectrical Impedance (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“When comparing the predicted mean FFM values with those obtained by the reference technique, only two equations showed no significant difference (15, 42).”
From Development and Cross-Validation of a Predictive Equation for Fat-Free Mass in Brazilian Adolescents by Bioelectrical Impedance (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“However, all equations, including these two (15, 42), showed high limits of agreement, limiting their use at the individual level, for the subjects of this study.”
From Development and Cross-Validation of a Predictive Equation for Fat-Free Mass in Brazilian Adolescents by Bioelectrical Impedance (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“The same was verified in the other studies that proposed predictive equations of FFM by BIA in adolescents, which we tested for validity in the sample of this study (15, 23, 24, 40–44).”
From Development and Cross-Validation of a Predictive Equation for Fat-Free Mass in Brazilian Adolescents by Bioelectrical Impedance (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“and all parameters used for the proposition and cross-validation of the model confirmed their validity for the studied population (15, 37–39, 57)”
From Development and Cross-Validation of a Predictive Equation for Fat-Free Mass in Brazilian Adolescents by Bioelectrical Impedance (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Although the use of predictive equations in subjects with different characteristics from those presented by the group of origin of the equations is questionable (15)”
From Development and Cross-Validation of a Predictive Equation for Fat-Free Mass in Brazilian Adolescents by Bioelectrical Impedance (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“However, due to the complexity of the technique (13), the use of DXA to derive BIA equations has been widely accepted (14, 15).”
From Development and Cross-Validation of a Predictive Equation for Fat-Free Mass in Brazilian Adolescents by Bioelectrical Impedance (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“In addition, the Sun (7), Ainsworth (8), and Wang (9) equations included individuals from all weight ranges, whereas Jakicic's (4) sample was exclusively obese, and Hortobagyi (10) included college athletes.”
From Comparison of Body Composition Methods in Obese African‐American Women (2006) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, Sun (7) noted that their generalized equation (developed on a sample across a wide range of body weights) better estimated body composition in the white sample and that the equation would likely underestimate percentage BF (%BF) in African Americans.”
From Comparison of Body Composition Methods in Obese African‐American Women (2006) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“Sun (7) developed one equation that could be used across ethnic groups, whereas the other equations are separate based on ethnicity.”
From Comparison of Body Composition Methods in Obese African‐American Women (2006) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“Performance of developed equations for the prediction of FFM was also tested using all available data (n=362) against previously published equations derived using participant samples which were assumed by Dioum et al. to consist of at least some ethnically black participants (5, 24–32).”
From Prediction of fat-free mass using bioelectrical impedance analysis in young adults from five populations of African origin (2013) · cites this paper as [31]
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Flagged first, then by citations
9 of the 44 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- 1998, Obesity Education Initiative Expert Panel on the Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: the evidence report, Obes Res, 6, 51S
- Ma, 1998, Total body water (TBW) methods: tritium (3H20) and deuterium (D20) spaces from plasma and saliva, FASEB J, 12, A868
Cited by
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Bioelectrical impedance analysis?part I: review of principles and methods
KYLE, U. (2004) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2004.06.004 · Cited by 3,200
“5–6% for FFM, respectively.(70,71) Early BIA equations were validated in inadequate populations, as demonstrated in respiratory insufficiency patients.”
BackgroundInfluentialSkeletal Muscle Cutpoints Associated with Elevated Physical Disability Risk in Older Men and Women
Janssen, I. (2004) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwh058 · Cited by 1,190
Beyond BMI: The value of more accurate measures of fatness and obesity in social science research
Burkhauser, R. V., & Cawley, J. (2007) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2007.05.005 · Cited by 849
“Sun et al. (2003) use data from five research centers to establish the equations to predict fat-free mass using BIA resistance measurements.”
InfluentialKhalil, S., Mohktar, M., & Ibrahim, F. (2014) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s140610895 · Cited by 712
“[86] developed prediction Equations (19) and (20) of the TBW reference to dilution method using SF-BIA from a multi-ethnic pool of 1830 people aged from 12 to 94 years old:”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA Randomized Trial of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Adolescent Body Weight
Ebbeling, C. B., Feldman, H. A., Chomitz, V. R., Antonelli, T. A., Gortmaker, S. L., Osganian, S. K., & Ludwig, D. S. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1203388 · Cited by 699
“Some graduate school or graduate degree 17 (15) 18 (16)”
Metadata
- Authors
- Sun, S. S., Chumlea, W. C., Heymsfield, S. B., Lukaski, H. C., Schoeller, D., Friedl, K., Kuczmarski, R. J., Flegal, K. M., Johnson, C. L., & Hubbard, V. S.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sun, Shumei S
- ORCID
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-02
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 331-340
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2127226434
- Cited by
- 692
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 55
- FWCI
- 10.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD012252, HD-27063, HD 13404)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- bioelectrical impedance analysis, body composition, prediction equations, multicomponent model, total body water, fat-free mass, racial differences, children and adults, reference values, epidemiological survey
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Body Composition, Body Water, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Predictive Value of Tests, Reference Values, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sex Characteristics, Reproducibility of Results, Body Mass Index, Epidemiologic Studies, Electric Impedance, Black People, White People
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