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Current protein intake in America: analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003–2004
Open accessAbstract
In recent years there has been considerable interest in the benefits of high-protein diets. This study determined current usual intake of protein in America. Using the most recent data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2004, usual protein intake for Americans aged 2+ years was estimated. Usual protein intake was calculated on a grams per day, grams per kilogram ideal body weight, and a percentage of calories basis. Protein intake averaged 56 +/- 14 g/d in young children, increased to a high of approximately 91 +/- 22 g/d in adults aged 19-30 y, and decreased to approximately 66 +/- 17 g/d in the elderly. The percentage of the male population who consumed less than the estimated average requirement was very low. Our estimates indicated that 7.7% of adolescent females and 7.2-8.6% of older adult women reported consuming protein levels below their estimated average requirement. The median intake of protein on a percentage of calories basis ranged from 13.4% in children aged 4-8 y to 16.0% in men aged 51-70 y. Even the 95th percentile of protein intake did not approach the highest acceptable macronutrient distribution range of 35% for an age/sex group. The highest 95th percentile of protein intake was 20.8% of calories in men aged 51-70 y. Given the demonstrated benefits of higher protein intake on weight management, sarcopenia, and other physiologic functions, efforts should be undertaken to ensure that Americans consume the recommended amount of protein (17-21% of calories as expected from MyPyramid food patterns).
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“although younger individuals consume protein above the RDA (1.3 g kg -1 day -1 ; Fulgoni, 2008)”
From Sex‐based differences in endurance exercise muscle metabolism: impact on exercise and nutritional strategies to optimize health and performance in women (2016) · cites this paper as Fulgoni, 2008
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Methods for improving meat protein digestibility in older adults
Lee, S.-Y., Kang, J. H., Lee, D.-Y., Jeong, J. W., Kim, J. H., Moon, S.-S., & Hur, S. (2023) · Journal of Animal Science and Technology · doi:10.5187/jast.2023.e6 · Cited by 17
Hawley, A. L., Liang, X., Børsheim, E., Wolfe, R. R., Salisbury, L., Hendy, E., Wu, H., Walker, S. E., Tacinelli, A. M., & Baum, J. (2022) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.108830 · Cited by 21
Embodiment is Ecological: The Metabolic Lives of Whey Protein Powder
King, S., & Weedon, G. (2020) · Body & Society · doi:10.1177/1357034x19878775 · Cited by 17
“What does seem well established is that protein malnutrition in the industrialized West is extremely rare (Fulgoni, 2008; Institute of Medicine, 2002).”
BackgroundPopulation-based dose–response curve of glomerular filtration rate to dietary protein intake
Círillo, M., Zingone, F., Lombardi, C., Cavallo, P., Zanchetti, A., & Bilancio, G. (2015) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfv026 · Cited by 20
“8 g of total protein/day per kg of ideal weight [25, 26].”
BackgroundMethodGwin, J. A., Maki, K. C., & Leidy, H. J. (2017) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.117.255554 · Cited by 15
“It has also been reported that women typically consume less total protein and less meat than men (39) and have a higher propensity to consume vegetarian or vegan diets (40).”
BackgroundJohnston, C. S., Sears, B., Perry, M., & Knurick, J. R. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9111182 · Cited by 21
“This randomized controlled feeding trial demonstrated that a high protein diet (~125 g protein/day consumed in three evenly spaced meals) that include novel functional foods combined with modest calorie restriction was 140% more effective for reducing HOMA-IR in adults at risk for IR when compared to protein intake si…”
MethodProtein supplementation with aging
Bauer, J. M., & Diekmann, R. (2014) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0000000000000124 · Cited by 16
“The National Health and Nutrition Examination Study demonstrated that 5 to 6% of the population above the age of 70 years consume less than the EAR for protein [15].”
BackgroundFrancini-Pesenti, F., Gugelmo, G., Lenzini, L., & Vitturi, N. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12113331 · Cited by 15
Beasley, J. M., Rillamas‐Sun, E., Tinker, L., Wylie-Rosett, J., Mossavar-Rahmani, Y., Datta, M., Caan, B., & LaCroix, A. (2020) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2020.05.001 · Cited by 15
Metadata
- Authors
- Fulgoni, V. L.
- Affiliations
- Canadian Nutrition Society (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Fulgoni, Victor L
- ORCID
- Fulgoni, Victor L
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-05
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1554S-1557S
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1924042297
- Cited by
- 369
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 5.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Keywords
- protein intake, usual dietary intake, protein adequacy, estimated average requirement, age and sex differences, adolescents, older adults, children, high-protein diet
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Body Weight, Child, Child, Preschool, Dietary Proteins, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Nutrition Surveys, Nutritional Requirements, United States, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Muscle, Skeletal, Nutrition Policy
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