Sex‐based differences in endurance exercise muscle metabolism: impact on exercise and nutritional strategies to optimize health and performance in women
Open accessAbstract
Sex-based differences in substrate metabolism during moderate-intensity endurance exercise have been well established. Compared with men, women show lesser reliance on carbohydrate oxidation and both liver and muscle glycogen during endurance exercise.
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Claims the paper makes
10 of 73 cited sources checked · 6 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
At exercise intensities of 25, 45, 65 and 85% VO2peak, no sex-based differences in free fatty acid oxidation during exercise were observed.
“At various exercise intensities (25, 45, 65 and 85% VO 2 peak ), no sex-based differences in FFA oxidation during exercise were observed (Burguera et al. 2000;Romijn et al. 2000).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites Burguera et al. 2000 source
The Abstract reports exercise at 45% of peak oxygen consumption, and Exercise responses reports no significant sex difference in systemic respiratory quotient during exercise. The paper does not establish the claimed result at 25%, 65%, or 85% VO2peak, and its direct FFA measurements concern uptake and release rather than oxidation. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Romijn et al. 2000 source
- Interpretationreasoning
Oestrogen acts primarily on the liver, decreasing glucose release to influence substrate metabolism during END.
“Collectively, these data suggest that oestrogen acts primarily on the liver, decreasing glucose release to influence substrate metabolism during END.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Short-term oestrogen supplementation, at doses mimicking follicular phase, luteal phase or supraphysiological oestrogen concentrations, administered to amenorrheic women or men decreases liver glucose output and muscle uptake.
“Short-term supplementation of oestrogen (doses to mimic follicular phase, luteal phase and supraphysiological oestrogen concentrations) administered to ammenorrhoeic women or to men decreased liver glucose output and muscle uptake (Ruby et al. 1997;Carter et al. 2001a;Devries et al. 2005)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
As both men and women get older they become less anabolically sensitive than their younger counterparts.
“as both men and women get older they become less anabolically sensitive than their younger counterparts; however, in addition, older women become less anabolically sensitive than their older male counterparts (Smith et al. 2008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Smith et al. 2008 source
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that feeding increased muscle protein synthesis in older men but not older women, supporting the sentence’s comparison between older women and older men. The study did not test younger adults against its older participants, so it does not establish that both sexes become less anabolically sensitive with age. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Older women become less anabolically sensitive than their older male counterparts.
“as both men and women get older they become less anabolically sensitive than their younger counterparts; however, in addition, older women become less anabolically sensitive than their older male counterparts (Smith et al. 2008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Smith et al. 2008 source
- Interpretationcitation
Given that older women are less anabolically sensitive than their age-matched male counterparts, the optimal protein dose per meal in older women is likely to be greater than that for older men.
“Given that older women are less anabolically sensitive than their age-matched male counterparts (Smith et al. 2008), the optimal protein dose per meal in older women is likely to be greater than that for older men.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Smith et al. 2008 source
- Premisecitation
Women have a higher glycerol rate of appearance during endurance exercise than men.
“Sex also influences lipid metabolism during END as evidenced by a higher glycerol R a during exercise in women (Carter et al. 2001b)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Carter et al. 2001b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Compared with men, women have a lower reliance on liver carbohydrate stores during END, reflected by decreased glucose rate of appearance, rate of disappearance and metabolic clearance rate.
“At the organ level, it has been consistently shown that, compared with men, women have a lower reliance on liver carbohydrate stores [decreased glucose rate of appearance (R a ), rate of disappearance (R d ) and metabolic clearance rate; Friedlander et al. 1998;Carter et al. 2001b;Devries et al. 2006]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
When women were tested in the luteal phase, but not the follicular phase, of the menstrual cycle, they used less proglycogen during a 90 min bike ride at 65% of peak oxygen uptake compared with men.
“when women were tested in the luteal phase, but not the follicular phase, of the menstrual cycle, they used less proglycogen (the dynamic form of glycogen) during a 90 min bike ride at 65% of peak oxygen uptake ( VO 2 peak ) compared with men (Devries et al. 2006).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Devries et al. 2006 source
- Premisecitation
During moderate-intensity endurance exercise (END) of the same relative intensity, premenopausal women have a lower respiratory exchange ratio (RER) than men, indicating a lesser reliance on whole-body carbohydrate oxidation.
“Specifically, during END of the same relative intensity women have a lower respiratory exchange ratio than men, indicative of a lesser reliance on carbohydrate oxidation to support fuel requirements for exercise.”
- Also stated in: § Sex-based differences in metabolism during exercise · boosted
“Specifically, women have a lower respiratory exchange ratio during END than men (Tarnopolsky et al. 1990(Tarnopolsky et al. , 1995;;Romijn et al. 2000;Carter et al. 2001b;Devries et al. 2006), indicative of a lesser reliance on whole-body carbohydrate oxidation to support fuel requirements for END.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Also stated in: § Sex-based differences in metabolism during exercise · boosted
- Interpretationcitation
Depending on the type of exercise and/or the phase of the menstrual cycle, women may spare muscle glycogen during exercise.
“Thus, it appears as if, depending on the type of exercise and/or the phase of the menstrual cycle in which the exercise is performed, women may spare muscle glycogen during exercise.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
In comparison to men, premenopausal women oxidize less leucine during endurance exercise.
“In comparison to men, premenopausal women oxidize less leucine during endurance exercise (Phillips et al. 1993;McKenzie et al. 2000;Lamont et al. 2001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
Women have a greater capacity to use IMCL during END.
“the findings that women have an increased IMCL content and that following END the percentage of IMCL in direct contact with mitochondria increases suggest that women have a greater capacity to use IMCL”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Tarnopolsky et al. 2007 source
- Premisecitation
Non-oxidative leucine disposal, reflective of whole-body protein synthesis, is greater in women during endurance exercise than in men.
“Furthermore, non-oxidative leucine disposal (reflective of whole-body protein synthesis) is greater in women during endurance exercise than in men (Lamont et al. 2001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lamont et al. 2001 source
- Premisecitation
In one study of 90 min cycling at 60% VO2peak, during the last 60 min women oxidized 47% more plasma free fatty acids than men, although the difference was not statistically significant.
“a single study by Roepstorff et al. (2002) examined participants who cycled for 90 min at 60% VO 2 peak and found that, although not statistically significant, during the last 60 min of the exercise bout women oxidized 47% more plasma FFA than men.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Roepstorff et al. 2002 source
- Interpretationcitation
As the duration of an endurance exercise bout progresses, women may begin to rely to a greater extent on plasma free fatty acids for fuel.
“Nevertheless, these findings do suggest that as the duration of the exercise bout progresses women may begin to rely to a greater extent on the use of plasma FFA for fuel.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Roepstorff et al. 2002 source
- Premisecitation
Following a bout of END, the percentage of IMCL in direct contact with mitochondria increases in women.
“the findings that women have an increased IMCL content and that following END the percentage of IMCL in direct contact with mitochondria increases suggest that women have a greater capacity to use IMCL”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Tarnopolsky et al. 2007 source
- Premisecitation
Studies examining sex-based differences in IMCL utilization during END are equivocal, finding greater, lesser or equal IMCL utilization in women compared with men.
“studies examining sex-based differences in IMCL utilization during END have been equivocal, finding that women have a greater (Roepstorff et al. 2002(Roepstorff et al. , 2006;;Steffensen et al. 2002), lesser (Zehnder et al. 2005) or equal IMCL utilization (White et al. 2003;Devries et al. 2007) during END.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Women have a greater intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content than men.
“Although it is well recognized that women have a greater IMCL content than men (Roepstorff et al. 2002;Devries et al. 2007;Tarnopolsky et al. 2007)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Neither elevation of circulating testosterone to ≤10.0 ng/ml using transdermal patches nor suppression to ≤0.5 ng/ml using a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonist altered liver glucose release, estimated muscle glycogen utilization or whole-body substrate utilization in young men during END.
“neither elevation of circulating testosterone concentrations (ß10.0 ng ml -1 ) using transdermal testosterone patches (10 mg day -1 for 3 days) nor suppression of circulating testosterone concentration (ß0.5 ng ml -1 ) using a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonist (3 mg day -1 for 3 days, S.C. injection) altered liver glucose release, estimated muscle glycogen utilization or whole-body”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Braun et al. 2005 source
- Interpretationcitation
It is likely that differences in oestrogen, and not testosterone, are responsible for the sex-based differences in metabolism observed during END.
“As such, it is likely to be the differences in oestrogen, and not testosterone, that are responsible for the sex-based differences in metabolism observed during END.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Braun et al. 2005 source
- Premisecitation
One trial found that total carbohydrate oxidation and estimated muscle glycogen utilization during endurance exercise were lower following oestrogen treatment than with oestrogen plus progesterone or ovarian hormone suppression treatments.
“One trial has compared oestrogen supplementation with oestrogen and progesterone supplementation (E+P) and ovarian hormone suppression (D' Eon et al. 2002) and found that total carbohydrate oxidation and estimated muscle glycogen utilization during endurance exercise were lower following oestrogen treatment than with E+P and hormone suppression treatments.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites D'Eon et al. 2002 source
- Premisecitation
Glucose rate of appearance during exercise was lower following both oestrogen and oestrogen plus progesterone treatments compared with ovarian hormone suppression.
“On the contrary, glucose R a during exercise was lower following both oestrogen and E+P treatments compared with ovarian hormone suppression.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites D'Eon et al. 2002 source
- Premisecitation
Women can exercise at a higher intensity prior to reaching their maximal fat oxidation rate (58 versus 50% VO2peak in women and men, respectively).
“can exercise at a higher intensity prior to reaching their maximal fat oxidation rate (58 versus 50% VO 2 peak in women and men, respectively; Cheneviere et al. 2011)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cheneviere et al. 2011 source
- Premisecitation
Women use more lipid during END at all intensities than men.
“women not only use more lipid during END at all intensities (Devries et al. 2006;Cheneviere et al. 2011)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Muscle glycogen utilization is lower in the luteal phase, when oestrogen and progesterone are both high but progesterone predominates, compared with the follicular phase, when both are low but oestrogen predominates.
“studies comparing women in different phases of the menstrual cycle that have shown that muscle glycogen utilization is lower in the luteal phase, when oestrogen and progesterone are both high but progesterone predominates, compared with the follicular phase, when oestrogen and progesterone are both low but oestrogen predominates (Hackney, 1999;Devries et al. 2006).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Women have greater intramyocellular lipid available for oxidation than men.
“but also have greater IMCL available for oxidation (Devries et al. 2007)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Devries et al. 2007 source
- Premisecitation
To increase muscle glycogen stores, women had to increase their energy intake by 34% to reach the 8.5 g/kg FFM/day threshold.
“in order to increase muscle glycogen stores women had to increase their energy intake by 34% to reach this threshold (Tarnopolsky et al. 2001b).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Tarnopolsky et al. 2001b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
When women consumed 75% of energy from carbohydrates, their daily carbohydrate intake relative to fat-free mass fell short (5.9-7.9 g/kg FFM/day) of the 8.5 g/kg FFM/day required to induce glycogen supercompensation.
“when women consumed 75% of energy from carbohydrates their daily carbohydrate intake relative to fat-free mass (FFM) fell short [at 5.9-7.9g (kg FFM) -1 day -1 ] of the 8.5 g (kg FFM) -1 day -1 required to induce glycogen supercompensation (Tarnopolsky et al. 1995(Tarnopolsky et al. , 2001b)).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Tarnopolsky et al. 1995 source
- cites Tarnopolsky et al. 2001b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
We cannot assume that women will respond in the same manner as men to a training/nutritional strategy.
“it is simply meant to illustrate that we cannot assume that women will respond in the same manner as men to a training/nutritional strategy”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The majority of research supporting strategies to enhance health or endurance exercise performance has been conducted in men.
- Rests on an assumption: There is a paucity of research examining the effects of exercise and nutritional regimens aimed to enhance performance and/or health in women.
- Premisecitation
Younger individuals consume protein above the RDA (1.3 g/kg/day).
“although younger individuals consume protein above the RDA (1.3 g kg -1 day -1 ; Fulgoni, 2008)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fulgoni, 2008 source
- Premisecitation
During a single bout of HIIT, women use 50% less muscle glycogen than men.
“during a single bout of HIIT women use 50% less muscle glycogen than men (Esbjörnsson-Liljedahl et al. 1999)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Esbjörnsson-Liljedahl et al. 1999 source
- Premisenone given
There are some data from studies using both men and women that suggest that, at least in some situations, women respond differently to a training/nutritional regimen.
“there are some data from studies using both men and women that would suggest that, at least in some situations, women respond differently in response to a training/nutritional regimen.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The evidence that does exist is suggestive of discordance in the effectiveness of nutritional and exercise regimens between the sexes.
- Premisecitation
One study found no sex-based differences in anabolic sensitivity between young men and women.
“one study has examined and found no sex-based differences in anabolic sensitivity between young men and women (West et al. 2012).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites West et al. 2012 source
- Premisecitation
Few studies examining the effects of fat loading or fat adaptation and carbohydrate restoration on performance have included women.
“few studies examining the effects of fat loading or fat adaptation and carbohydrate restoration on performance have included women (reviewed by Yeo et al. 2011).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Yeo et al. 2011 source
- Premisecitation
Findings from studies examining the impact of fat-adaptation strategies on performance are mixed.
“Although the findings from studies examining the impact of such strategies on performance are mixed (summarized by Yeo et al. 2011)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Yeo et al. 2011 source
- May combine two claims. 12
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 1
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationOestrogen supplementation increases plasma free fatty acid concentrations and lowers muscle glycogen content.
“Additionally, oestrogen supplementation has been found to increase plasma FFA concentrations (Ruby et al. 1997) and lower muscle glycogen content (Devries et al. 2005).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationHigh-intensity interval training (HIIT) increases aerobic capacity in both men and women, but its ability to enhance insulin sensitivity appears to be blunted in women.
“while high-intensity interval training (HIIT; for the purpose of this review including both sprint-and high-intensity interval training) increases aerobic capacity in both men and women, its ability to enhance insulin sensitivity appears to be blunted in women (Metcalfe et al. 2012;Gillen et al. 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites Metcalfe et al. 2012 source
The Results and Discussion report that REHIT increased aerobic capacity in both sexes, while insulin sensitivity improved in men but not women. The claim extends this finding to HIIT generally; the Discussion notes that a previous study of classic HIT did not find a sex difference, and says larger studies are needed to confirm the REHIT observation. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Gillen et al. 2013 source
The Exercise responses and training data section reports increased VO₂peak in the women studied. The Low-volume HIT and markers of insulin sensitivity section reports no improvement in those women and cites a study suggesting improvements in men but not women. This paper does not establish the claim that HIIT increases aerobic capacity in men. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCompared with an optimal dose per meal of 0.24 g/kg in young men, a dose of 0.4 g/kg is required to optimize muscle protein synthesis in older men, which equals 1.2 g/kg/day when translated over three meals per day.
“work from Moore et al. (2015) found that compared with an optimal dose per meal of 0.24 g kg -1 in young men, a dose of 0.4 g kg -1 is required to optimize muscle protein synthesis in older men, which equals 1.2 g kg -1 day -1 when translated over three meals per day.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Moore et al. 2015 source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationWhether muscle glycogen stores are spared during END in women is contentious; some studies find no effect of sex on muscle glycogen utilization during cycling END, while others find women utilize less muscle glycogen during running or Wingate sprint exercise.
“Whether muscle glycogen stores are spared during END in women is contentious.Some studies have found no effect of sex on muscle glycogen utilization during cycling END (Tarnopolsky et al. 1995;Roepstorff et al. 2002;Zehnder et al. 2005), whereas others have found, using a running (Tarnopolsky et al. 1990) as opposed to cycling, or a Wingate protocol (30 s high-intensity bike sprint; Esbjörnsson-Li”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningIn the fasted state, premenopausal women rely to a greater extent on fat sources and to a lesser extent on carbohydrate and protein sources during endurance exercise than men.
“Taken together, the findings from sex comparative studies show that in the fasted state premenopausal women rely to a greater extent on fat sources and to a lesser extent on carbohydrate and protein sources during endurance exercise.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationOestrogen supplementation has no effect on whole-body lipolysis, measured as glycerol Ra and Rd, or on muscle glycogen utilization.
“with no effect on whole-body lipolysis (measured as glycerol R a and R d ; Ruby et al. 1997;Carter et al. 2001a) or muscle glycogen utilization (Tarnopolsky et al. 2001a;Devries et al. 2005).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Ruby et al. 1997 source
- cites Carter et al. 2001a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Tarnopolsky et al. 2001a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAfter oestrogen treatment, leucine oxidation during endurance exercise is lower, with no change in protein synthesis or breakdown, resulting in a less negative state of negative protein balance during exercise compared with placebo.
“after oestrogen treatment leucine oxidation during exercise was lower, with no change in protein synthesis or breakdown during exercise, which resulted overall in a less negative state of negative protein balance during exercise compared with placebo.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hamadeh et al. 2005 source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationProgesterone acts on the muscle, but not the liver, to prevent glycogen sparing.
“These findings suggest that progesterone acts on the muscle, but not the liver, to prevent glycogen sparing.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites D'Eon et al. 2002 source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationFat-adaptation diets involve consumption of a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet and result in increased rates of fat oxidation and decreased muscle glycogenolysis during END, which persist upon carbohydrate restoration.
“Fat-adaptation diets involve consumption of a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet and result in increased rates of fat oxidation and decreased muscle glycogenolysis during END, which persist upon carbohydrate restoration (Yeo et al. 2011).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Yeo et al. 2011 source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationHabitual dietary intake influences substrate utilization during exercise, with high-fat diets increasing fat oxidation and high-carbohydrate diets increasing carbohydrate oxidation.
“habitual dietary intake influences substrate utilization during exercise, with high-fat diets increasing fat oxidation (Burke et al. 2002;Stellingwerff et al. 2006) and high-carbohydrate diets increasing carbohydrate oxidation (Tarnopolsky et al. 1995).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationA traditional carbohydrate-loading regimen of 75% energy intake from carbohydrates increases muscle glycogen stores and enhances performance in men but not women.
“using a traditional carbohydrate-loading regimen (75% energy intake from carbohydrates), Tarnopolsky et al. (1995) found an increase in muscle glycogen stores and enhanced performance in men but not women.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Tarnopolsky et al. 1995 source
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation40% of older adults are not meeting the current protein RDA and 10% of older women are not even meeting the estimated average requirement for protein intake (0.66 g/kg/day).
“40% of older adults are not meeting the current protein RDA and 10% of older women are not even meeting the estimated average requirement for protein intake (0.66 g kg -1 day -1 ; Houston et al. 2008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Houston et al. 2008 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningGiven the inherent differences in substrate metabolism during END in the fasted state, the preferential fuel to enhance performance in women may be different from that in men.
“given the inherent differences in substrate metabolism during END in the fasted state, the preferential fuel to enhance performance in women may be different from that in men and should be explored.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: There is a paucity of research examining the effects of exercise and nutritional regimens aimed to enhance performance and/or health in women.
The paper relies on this without support.
The majority of research supporting strategies to enhance health or endurance exercise performance has been conducted in men.
“the majority of the research that supports any given strategy to enhance health or endurance exercise (END) performance has been conducted in men.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Studies frequently exclude women as participants because of the potential influence of fluctuating ovarian hormones throughout the menstrual cycle and the potential impact this might have on outcomes.
“Studies M. C. Devries frequently exclude women as participants because of the potential influence of fluctuating ovarian hormones throughout the menstrual cycle and the potential impact this might have on the outcomes of interest.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is a paucity of research examining the effects of exercise and nutritional regimens aimed to enhance performance and/or health in women.
“there is a paucity of research examining the effects of exercise and nutritional regimens aimed to enhance performance and/or health in women.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The evidence that does exist is suggestive of discordance in the effectiveness of nutritional and exercise regimens between the sexes.
“the evidence that does exist is suggestive of discordance in the effectiveness of nutritional and exercise regimens between the sexes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Older women appear to be at increased risk for insulin resistance.
“older women appear to be at an increased risk for insulin resistance.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The optimal dose per meal to support muscle protein synthesis in older women has not been determined.
“the optimal dose per meal to support muscle protein synthesis in older women has not been determined.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No studies have examined the role of progesterone alone on endurance exercise substrate selection.
“no studies have examined the role of progesterone alone on endurance exercise substrate selection.”
The paper relies on this without support.
It has not been determined whether lower liver carbohydrate reliance in women is due to lower liver glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis or both.
“although it has not been determined whether this is a result of lower liver glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis or both.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The source of increased glycerol during END remains unknown.
“the source [plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and/or intramyocellular lipid (IMCL)] of the increased glycerol (reflecting lipolysis) during END remains unknown.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
These results are in line with literature outlining larger carbohydrate utilization in men by approximately 4-5%.
“These results are in line with the literature on the topic outlining larger carbohydrate utilization in men by approximately 4–5% (Tarnopolsky 2000; Devries 2016).”
From Analysis of sex-based differences in energy substrate utilization during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (2022) · cites this paper as Devries 2016
The section ‘Sex-based differences in metabolism during exercise’ says that women rely less on whole-body carbohydrate oxidation than men during moderate-intensity endurance exercise, supporting the direction of the comparison. It does not give an approximately 4–5% difference in carbohydrate utilization; the magnitude attributed to this source is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredExperimental evidence is inconclusive on whether women have greater capacity to use intramyocellular lipids.
“Indeed, while women display significantly larger storages of IMCL than men (Roepstorff et al. 2002; Devries et al. 2007), experimental evidence is inconclusive on whether they also have greater capacity to use this substrate.”
From Analysis of sex-based differences in energy substrate utilization during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (2022) · cites this paper as Devries 2016
Women have a greater percentage of IMCL in direct contact with mitochondria after a bout of endurance exercise compared with men, which suggests they may have a greater capacity to use IMCL and a metabolic advantage for endurance when exercising at matched relative intensities.
“However, women have a greater percentage of IMCL in direct contact with mitochondria after a bout of endurance exercise compared with men, which suggests that they may have a greater capacity to use IMCL (Devries 2016) and, thus, a metabolic advantage for endurance when exercising at matched relative intensities (Boschmann et al. 2002; Tarnopolsky et al. 2007).”
From Analysis of sex-based differences in energy substrate utilization during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (2022) · cites this paper as Devries 2016
Methodological inconsistencies and training status differences between participants within a trial might contribute to observed discrepancies in IMCL utilization.
“It has been suggested that methodological inconsistencies and training status differences, between participants within a trial, might contribute to these observed discrepancies (Devries 2016).”
From Analysis of sex-based differences in energy substrate utilization during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (2022) · cites this paper as Devries 2016
Both experimental and knowledge-synthesis works demonstrated a significantly lower RER in women, indicating higher whole-body fat oxidation.
“Both experimental (Friedlander et al. 1998; Horton et al. 1998; Devries et al. 2007; Henderson et al. 2007; Tarnopolsky et al. 1990; 2007) and knowledge-synthesis works (Tarnopolsky 2000; Devries 2016) demonstrated a significantly lower RER in women, indicating higher whole-body fat oxidation.”
From Analysis of sex-based differences in energy substrate utilization during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (2022) · cites this paper as Devries 2016
This confirms the marked sex bias affecting research on strategies intended to improve exercise performance and/or health.
“This confirms the marked sex bias affecting the research on strategies intended to improve exercise performance and/or health (Devries 2016; Cugusi et al. 2019).”
From Analysis of sex-based differences in energy substrate utilization during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (2022) · cites this paper as Devries 2016
Research provides conflicting results regarding both the impacts of glycogen super-compensation (or pre-loading) and substrate use during endurance exercise when comparing women to men.
“When comparing women to men, research provides conflicting results regarding both the impacts of glycogen super-compensation (or pre-loading) (James et al. 2001; Paul et al. 2001; Tarnopolsky et al. 2001; Walker et al. 2000) and substrate use during endurance exercise (Devries 2016; Riddell et al. 2003; Roepstorff et al. 2002; Ruby et al. 2002a; Tarnopolsky and Ruby 2001).”
From Males and females exhibit similar muscle glycogen recovery with varied recovery food sources (2020) · cites this paper as Devries 2016
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Gender differences in substrate for endurance exercise
Tarnopolsky, L. J., MacDougall, J. D., Atkinson, S. A., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Sutton, J. R. (1990) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1990.68.1.302 · Cited by 470 · cited 5× · see citing works
“However, there are well-recognized sex-based differences in substrate metabolism during END (Tarnopolsky et al. 1990, 1995; Romijn et al. 2000; Carter et al. 2001b; Devries et al. 2006) that may influence how women respond to a given training/nutritional strategy.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTarnopolsky, M. A., Rennie, C. D., Robertshaw, H. A., Fedak-Tarnopolsky, S. N., Devries, M. C., & Hamadeh, M. J. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00472.2006 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Self-citationOptimal protein intake in the elderly
Wolfe, R. R., Miller, S. L., & Miller, K. B. (2008) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2008.06.008 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Oosthuyse, T., & Bosch, A. N. (2010) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/11317090-000000000-00000 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Fulgoni, V. L. (2008) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1554s · Cited by 369 · cited 4× · see citing works
“These findings have led to recommendations that the protein requirements for older adults be increased from the recommended daily allowance (RDA; 0.8 g kg−1 day−1) to 1.0–1.5 g kg−1 day−1 (Wolfe et al. 2008; Bauer et al. 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialSubstrate utilization during endurance exercise in men and women after endurance training
Carter, S. L., Rennie, C., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.6.e898 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Metcalfe, R. S., Babraj, J. A., Fawkner, S. G., & Vollaard, N. B. J. (2012) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2254-z · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Gender differences in leucine kinetics and nitrogen balance in endurance athletes
Phillips, S. M., Atkinson, S. A., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & MacDougall, J. D. (1993) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1993.75.5.2134 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Gender differences in substrate utilization during submaximal exercise in endurance-trained subjects
Roepstorff, C., Steffensen, C. H., Madsen, M., Stallknecht, B., Kanstrup, I.-L., Richter, E. A., & Kiens, B. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00266.2001 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Carbohydrate loading and metabolism during exercise in men and women
Tarnopolsky, M. A., Atkinson, S. A., Phillips, S. M., & MacDougall, J. D. (1995) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1995.78.4.1360 · Cited by 275 · cited 10× · see citing works
“Some studies have found no effect of sex on muscle glycogen utilization during cycling END (Tarnopolsky et al. 1995; Roepstorff et al. 2002; Zehnder et al. 2005), whereas others have found, using a running (Tarnopolsky et al. 1990) as opposed to cycling, or a Wingate protocol (30 s high-intensity…”
BackgroundInfluentialSubstrate metabolism during different exercise intensities in endurance-trained women
Romijn, J. A., Coyle, E. F., Sidossis, L. S., Rosenblatt, J., & Wolfe, R. R. (2000) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.88.5.1707 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Myocellular triacylglycerol breakdown in females but not in males during exercise
Steffensen, C. H., Roepstorff, C., Madsen, M., & Kiens, B. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00078.2001 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Gillen, J. B., Percival, M. E., Ludzki, A., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Gibala, M. J. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20379 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
McKenzie, S., Phillips, S. M., Carter, S. L., Lowther, S., Gibala, M. J., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2000) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2000.278.4.e580 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Training-induced alterations of carbohydrate metabolism in women: women respond differently from men
Friedlander, A. L., Casazza, G. A., Horning, M. A., Huie, M. J., Piacentini, M. F., Trimmer, J. K., & Brooks, G. A. (1998) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.85.3.1175 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Devries, M. C., Hamadeh, M. J., Phillips, S. M., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00700.2005 · Cited by 202 · cited 12× · see citing works
“However, these findings conflict with those of studies comparing women in different phases of the menstrual cycle that have shown that muscle glycogen utilization is lower in the luteal phase, when oestrogen and progesterone are both high but progesterone predominates, compared with the follicular phase, when oestroge…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationMetabolic response in type I and type II muscle fibers during a 30-s cycle sprint in men and women
Esbjörnsson-Liljedahl, M., Sundberg, C. J., Norman, B., & Jansson, E. (1999) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1999.87.4.1326 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Stellingwerff, T., Spriet, L. L., Watt, M. J., Kimber, N. E., Hargreaves, M., Hawley, J. A., & Burke, L. M. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00268.2005 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Smith, G. I., Atherton, P., Villareal, D. T., Frimel, T. N., Rankin, D., Rennie, M. J., & Mittendorfer, B. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001875 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Regulation of exercise carbohydrate metabolism by estrogen and progesterone in women
D'Eon, T. M., Sharoff, C., Chipkin, S. R., Grow, D., Ruby, B. C., & Braun, B. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00271.2002 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Hamadeh, M. J., Devries, M. C., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1743 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationSex-based comparisons of myofibrillar protein synthesis after resistance exercise in the fed state
West, D. W. D., Burd, N. A., Churchward-Venne, T. A., Camera, D. M., Mitchell, C. J., Baker, S. K., Hawley, J. A., Coffey, V. G., & Phillips, S. M. (2012) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00170.2012 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Gender differences in carbohydrate loading are related to energy intake
Tarnopolsky, M. A., Zawada, C., Richmond, L. B., Carter, S., Shearer, J., Graham, T., & Phillips, S. M. (2001) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.91.1.225 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
BURKE, L. M., HAWLEY, J. A., ANGUS, D. J., COX, G. R., CLARK, S. A., CUMMINGS, N. K., DESBROW, B., & HARGREAVES, M. (2002) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200201000-00014 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Fat adaptation in well-trained athletes: effects on cell metabolism
Yeo, W. K., Carey, A. L., Burke, L., Spriet, L. L., & Hawley, J. A. (2011) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h10-089 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Roepstorff, C., Donsmark, M., Thiele, M., Vistisen, B., Stewart, G., Vissing, K., Schjerling, P., Hardie, D. G., Galbo, H., & Kiens, B. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00097.2006 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Effects of estradiol on substrate turnover during exercise in amenorrheic females
RUBY, B. C., ROBERGS, R. A., WATERS, D. L., BURGE, M., MERMIER, C., & STOLARCZYK, L. (1997) · Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199709000-00007 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Dietary carbohydrate, muscle glycogen content, and endurance performance in well-trained women
Walker, J. L., Heigenhauser, G. J. F., Hultman, E., & Spriet, L. L. (2000) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.88.6.2151 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Gender differences in leucine, but not lysine, kinetics
Lamont, L. S., McCullough, A. J., & Kalhan, S. C. (2001) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.91.1.357 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Influence of oestrogen on muscle glycogen utilization during exercise
Hackney (1999) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1046/j.1365-201x.1999.00605.x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Devries, M. C., Lowther, S. A., Glover, A. W., Hamadeh, M. J., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00510.2007 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationGender-specific usage of intramyocellular lipids and glycogen during exercise.
ZEHNDER, M., ITH, M., KREIS, R., SARIS, W., BOUTELLIER, U., & BOESCH, C. (2005) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000177478.14500.7c · Cited by 85 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Some studies have found no effect of sex on muscle glycogen utilization during cycling END (Tarnopolsky et al. 1995; Roepstorff et al. 2002; Zehnder et al. 2005), whereas others have found, using a running (Tarnopolsky et al. 1990) as opposed to cycling, or a Wingate protocol (30 s high-intensity…”
BackgroundCarter, S., McKenzie, S., Mourtzakis, M., Mahoney, D. J., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2001) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.90.1.139 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
White, L. J., Ferguson, M. A., McCoy, S. C., & Kim, H. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031006 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Leg free fatty acid kinetics during exercise in men and women
Burguera, B., Proctor, D., Dietz, N., Guo, Z., Joyner, M., & Jensen, M. D. (2000) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2000.278.1.e113 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Devries, M. C., Hamadeh, M. J., Graham, T. E., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-0926 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationGender differences in whole-body fat oxidation kinetics during exercise
Chenevière, X., Borrani, F., Sangsue, D., Gojanovic, B., & Malatesta, D. (2011) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h10-086 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
No effect of short-term testosterone manipulation on exercise substrate metabolism in men
Braun, B., Gerson, L., Hagobian, T., Grow, D., & Chipkin, S. R. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00565.2005 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Short-Term 17-β-Estradiol Administration Does Not Affect Metabolism in Young Males
Tarnopolsky, M. A., Roy, B. D., McKenzie, S., Martin, J., & Ettinger, S. (2001) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2001-16380 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Smith, G. I., Atherton, P., Villareal, D. T., et al. (2008) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.949.4
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Contextualising Maximal Fat Oxidation During Exercise: Determinants and Normative Values
Maunder, E., Plews, D. J., & Kilding, A. E. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00599 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“The ovarian hormone estrogen may explain this sex difference (Oosthuyse and Bosch, 2010; Devries, 2016), as estrogen appears to stimulate lipolysis and NEFA availability (D’Eon et al., 2002), plausibly via activation of 5′ adenosinemonophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) (D’Eon et al., 2005).”
BackgroundEstrogens, Estrogen Receptors Effects on Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria
Ventura‐Clapier, R., Piquereau, J., Veksler, V., & Garnier, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00557 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“Compared to males, females rely to a greater extent on fat oxidation during exercise (32) and skeletal muscles of women have higher intracellular lipid content than male muscles (33).”
BackgroundNoone, J., Mucinski, J. M., DeLany, J. P., Sparks, L. M., & Goodpaster, B. H. (2024) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.025 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Sex differences in mitochondrial respiratory function in human skeletal muscle
Miotto, P. M., McGlory, C., Holloway, T. M., Phillips, S. M., & Holloway, G. P. (2018) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00025.2018 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“Although the functional role for the lower ADP sensitivity remains to be determined and may be influenced by a potential relationship with fat mass, this lower ADP sensitivity does not likely contribute to the improvement in aerobic metabolism or fatty acid oxidation observed in women compared with men (7).”
Gnanasekhar, J. D., & Al-Duwairi, Y. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Do Sex Differences in Physiology Confer a Female Advantage in Ultra-Endurance Sport?
Tiller, N. B., Elliott-Sale, K. J., Knechtle, B., Wilson, P. B., Roberts, J., & Millet, G. Y. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01417-2 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Smith, E. S., McKay, A. K. A., Kuikman, M., Ackerman, K. E., Harris, R., Elliott-Sale, K. J., Stellingwerff, T., & Burke, L. M. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14050953 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Smith, E. S., McKay, A. K. A., Ackerman, K. E., Harris, R., Elliott-Sale, K. J., Stellingwerff, T., & Burke, L. M. (2022) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0257 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Cárdenas-Fuentes, G., Bawaked, R. A., Martínez‐González, M. Á., Corella, D., Cachinero, I. S., Salas‐Salvadó, J., Estruch, R., Serra‐Majem, L., Ros, E., Peralta, J. L., et al. (2018) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/cky030 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Cano, A., Ventura, L., Martinez, G., Cugusi, L., Caria, M., Deriu, F., & Manca, A. (2022) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-021-04802-5 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“However, women have a greater percentage of IMCL in direct contact with mitochondria after a bout of endurance exercise compared with men, which suggests that they may have a greater capacity to use IMCL (Devries 2016) and, thus, a metabolic advantage for endurance when exercising at matched relative intensities (Bosc…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGenetic and epigenetic sex-specific adaptations to endurance exercise
Landen, S., Voisin, S., Craig, J. M., McGee, S. L., Lamon, S., & Eynon, N. (2019) · Epigenetics · doi:10.1080/15592294.2019.1603961 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Reviews have already discussed sex differences in skeletal muscle fatigability [18] and metabolism [12,19] during exercise, thus our review will focus on the sex differences in genetics and gene regulation of endurance exercise to expand on the underlying molecular mechanisms involved.”
BackgroundOosthuyse, T., Strauss, J. A., & Hackney, A. C. (2022) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-022-05090-3 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Taking the prior points into account, it is not surprising that sex-differences in the rate of whole-body fat oxidation are frequently reported particularly during fasted exercise (for Reviews see, Devries, 2016; Boisseau and Isacco 2022; Cano et al.”
BackgroundMilitary nutrition research: Contemporary issues, state of the science and future directions
Karl, J. P., Margolis, L. M., Fallowfield, J. L., Child, R. B., Martin, N. M., & McClung, J. P. (2021) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.1930192 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Most sex differences in metabolism appear to be endocrine-mediated, due in large part to inherent hormonal differences between sexes and fluctuations in oestrogen and progesterone during the menstrual cycle (Devries, 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialDun, Y., Thomas, R. J., Medina‐Inojosa, J. R., Squires, R. W., Huang, H.-H., Smith, J. R., Liu, S., & Olson, T. P. (2019) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.04.033 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Strauss, J. A., Willems, M. E. T., & Shepherd, S. O. (2018) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-018-3858-3 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Despite these discrepant findings, it is clear, however, that in the post-absorptive state there is a greater reliance on fat as a fuel source during exercise in females, and this is predominantly driven by the higher circulating oestrogen concentrations observed in premenopausal women (Devries 2016).”
InfluentialExercising your fat (metabolism) into shape: a muscle-centred view
Gemmink, A., Schrauwen, P., & Hesselink, M. K. C. (2020) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-020-05170-z · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Could Age, Sex and Physical Fitness Affect Blood Glucose Responses to Exercise in Type 1 Diabetes?
Yardley, J. E., Brockman, N. K., & Bracken, R. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00674 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“The RER measurements are consistent with what has been noted at the cellular level: females use more myocellular triacylglycerol than males, whereas males deplete a greater portion of their glycogen stores during various types of exercise (18, 29, 54).”
BackgroundBagley, L., Slevin, M., Bradburn, S., Liu, D., Murgatroyd, C., Morrissey, G., Carroll, M., Piasecki, M., Gilmore, W. S., & McPhee, J. S. (2016) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2015-000056 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“The reasons for the sex differences in training responses of body fatness and metabolism are not clear.(37) There is evidence that sex-differences in body fatness are linked to physiological actions of sex hormones,(38) but when Table 2 Maximal oxygen uptake and rates of fat oxidation measured during exercise in men a…”
BackgroundSex-dependent responses to exertional heat stroke in mice
Garcia, C. K., Mattingly, A. J., Robinson, G. P., Laitano, O., King, M. A., Dineen, S. M., Leon, L. R., & Clanton, T. L. (2018) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00220.2018 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Interestingly, females may be more effective, in general, at recruiting lipid metabolic pathways during endurance exercise compared with males (18).”
BackgroundPacing Strategy During 24-Hour Ultramarathon-Distance Running
Bossi, A. H., Matta, G., Millet, G. Y., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0237 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
O’Reilly, J., Ono‐Moore, K. D., Chintapalli, S. V., Rutkowsky, J. M., Tolentino, T., Lloyd, K. C. K., Olfert, I. M., & Adams, S. H. (2021) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.15031 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Conkright, W. R., O’Leary, T. J., Wardle, S. L., Greeves, J. P., Beckner, M. E., & Nindl, B. C. (2021) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.1916082 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“In contrast, women may have certain metabolic advantages compared with men as a result of genetic and hormonal factors (Devries, 2016).”
BackgroundHigh-Fat Ketogenic Diets and Physical Performance: A Systematic Review
Murphy, N. E., Carrigan, C. T., & Margolis, L. M. (2020) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmaa101 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Women have higher rates of fat oxidation and lower rates of carbohydrate oxidation during aerobic exercise compared with men when consuming mixed macronutrient diets (61).”
BackgroundKoh, H. E., Ørtenblad, N., Winding, K. M., Hellsten, Y., Mortensen, S. P., & Nielsen, J. (2018) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00161.2018 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Although it is well-recognized that compared to male individuals, female individuals have a greater 468 reliance on whole-body fat oxidation during moderate-intensity endurance exercise (14), whether 469 women have a greater intramyocellular lipid content than men remains to be confirmed with mixed 470 findings from s…”
BackgroundBourdas, D. I., Souglis, A. G., Zacharakis, E. D., Geladas, N. D., & Travlos, A. K. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13124223 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Sex differences in the physiology of exercise: an integrative perspective
Sheel, A. W. (2016) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep085371 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Green et al. (2016) review the effects of male and female sex hormones on the human vasculature.”
BackgroundSex Differences in Energy Metabolism: A Female-Oriented Discussion
Sanchez, B. N., Volek, J. S., Kraemer, W. J., Sáenz, C., & Maresh, C. M. (2024) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-024-02063-8 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“…intensity [53] and that females’ glycerol R a during moderate-intensity exercise is higher [21], it is difficult to determine which and how much different sources of fat, mainly FFAs or intramyocellular triglycerides (IMTG), are contributing to the total fat oxidation rates during exercise [54].”
Conkright, W. R., Beckner, M. E., Sterczala, A. J., Mi, Q., Lovalekar, M. T., Sahu, A., Krajewski, K. T., Martin, B. J., Flanagan, S. D., Greeves, J. P., et al. (2022) · Physiological Genomics · doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00171.2021 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Carbohydrate Intake in the Context of Exercise in People with Type 1 Diabetes
Scott, S. N., Kempf, P., Bally, L., & Stettler, C. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11123017 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Participation and Performance Trends in the Oldest 100-km Ultramarathon in the World
Knechtle, B., Scheer, V., Nikolaidis, P. Τ., & Sousa, C. V. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17051719 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“In addition, women have a larger depot of intramyocellular lipid and greater part of intramyocellular lipids near the mitochondria, indicating that they have a greater capacity to use intramyocellular lipids [52].”
BackgroundBrockman, N. K., & Yardley, J. E. (2018) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2017-0559 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“…et al. 1990; Davis et al. 2000b; Carter et al. 2001; Galassetti et al. 2002; Mittendorfer et al. 2002; Steffensen et al. 2002; Riddell et al. 2003; Horton et al. 2006b; Henderson et al. 2007; Fragala et al. 2011; Isacco et al. 2012; Hedrington and Davis 2015; Devries 2016; Wiecek et al. 2017).”
InfluentialBeckner, M. E., Thompson, L., Radcliffe, P. N., Cherian, R. V., Wilson, M. A., Barringer, N., Margolis, L. M., & Karl, J. P. (2023) · Physiological Genomics · doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00180.2022 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Brockman, N. K., Sigal, R. J., Kenny, G. P., Riddell, M. C., Perkins, B. A., & Yardley, J. E. (2019) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2019.08.006 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Robberechts, R., & Poffé, C. (2023) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00485.2023 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Drenowatz, C. J., Evensen, L. H., Ernstsen, L., Blundell, J. E., Hand, G. A., Shook, R. P., Hébert, J. R., Burgess, S., & Blair, S. N. (2017) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.08.006 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“…results underline the complex interaction of various bodily systems in the regulation of 328 food cravings and emphasize the need for additional research, including clinical trials to 329 enhance our understanding of the role of exercise in weight loss and weight management 330 (Devries, 2016).”
BackgroundCao, X., & Thyfault, J. P. (2023) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2023.112178 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Sex-based differences in fuel utilization during moderate-intensity endurance exercise (END) have been well established (Devries, 2016).”
BackgroundSex differences in metabolic pathways are regulated by Pfkfb3 and Pdk4 expression in rodent muscle
Christianto, A., Baba, T., Takahashi, F., Inui, K., Inoue, M., Suyama, M., Ono, Y., Ohkawa, Y., & Morohashi, K.-I. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02790-y · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Neuromuscular Performance and Hormonal Responses to Military Operational Stress in Men and Women
Conkright, W. R., Beckner, M. E., Sinnott, A. M., Eagle, S. R., Martin, B. J., LaGoy, A. D., Proessl, F., Lovalekar, M. T., Doyle, T. L. A., Agostinelli, P. J., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004013 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Furthermore, women oxidize fat at a higher proportion than men at the same relative working intensity, which may contribute to the difference in circulating BDNF observed in this study (6).”
BackgroundRocha‐Rodrigues, S., Sousa, M., Reis, P. L., Leão, C., Cardoso-Marinho, B., Massada, M. M. T. D. O., & Afonso, J. R. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020438 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Glycogen Utilization during Running: Intensity, Sex, and Muscle-Specific Responses
Impey, S. G., Jevons, E. F. P., MEES, G., Cocks, M. S., Strauss, J. A., Chester, N. J., Laurie, I., TARGET, D., Hodgson, A. B., Shepherd, S. O., et al. (2020) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002332 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“The methodological difficulties of isolating the effects of sex on substrate utilization during exercise have been well documented (22), arising from factors relating to matching of participant characteristics, relative exercise intensity, exercise duration and of course, and overall absolute work done.”
BackgroundResultWirnitzer, K., Motevalli, M. S., Tanous, D., Gregori, M., Wirnitzer, G., Leitzmann, C., Rosemann, T. J., & Knechtle, B. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082776 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Additionally, fuel utilization and muscle metabolism pathways are considerably influenced by sex, as indicated by research on endurance activities [3,10].”
BackgroundCarbohydrate supplementation: A critical review of recent innovations
Baur, D. A., & Saunders, M. J. (2021) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04534-y · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Potential Mechanisms for How Long-Term Physical Activity May Reduce Insulin Resistance
Lee-Ødegård, S., Olsén, T., Norheim, F., Drevon, C. A., & Birkeland, K. I. (2022) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo12030208 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
International society of sports nutrition position stand: ketogenic diets
Leaf, A., Rothschild, J. A., Sharpe, T. M., Sims, S. T., Macias, C. J., Futch, G. G., Roberts, M. D., Stout, J. R., Ormsbee, M. J., Aragon, A. A., et al. (2024) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2024.2368167 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“…expression of the respiratory complexes, antioxidant molecules, and antiapoptotic factors that directly impact mitochondrial structure and function [132–134], and circulating E2 exerts a significant metabolic effect by increasing the maximal activity of key enzymes in the fat oxidative pathway of…”
BackgroundChrzanowski‐Smith, O. J., Edinburgh, R. M., Smith, E., THOMAS, M. P., Walhin, J., Koumanov, F., Williams, S., Betts, J. A., & Gonzalez, J. T. (2021) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep089431 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Lastly, sex differences in concentrations of oestrogen and its actions via oestrogen receptorαmight account for the increase in fat oxidation during exercise in females compared with males (Devries, 2016; Oosthuyse &Bosch, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialKuikman, M. A., McKay, A. K. A., Smith, E. S., Ackerman, K. E., Harris, R., Elliott-Sale, K. J., Stellingwerff, T., & Burke, L. M. (2023) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0214 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Female Endurance Runners Have a Healthier Diet than Males—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2)
Motevalli, M. S., Wagner, K., Leitzmann, C., Tanous, D., Wirnitzer, G., Knechtle, B., & Wirnitzer, K. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14132590 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Research indicates that in muscle metabolism pathways during endurance activities, females have a higher capacity to utilize muscle lipids as fuel, and males rely more on muscle and liver glycogen resources [15,16].”
BackgroundHou, F., Han, X., Wang, Q., Zhou, S., Zhang, J., Shen, G., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19105819 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“This finding might be attributed to sex differences in participation in physical activity and social interaction [66,67].”
BackgroundPhysiological Responses to Low-Volume Interval Training in Women
Skelly, L. E., Bailleul, C., & Gillen, J. B. (2021) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-021-00390-y · Cited by 18 · see citing works
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“The metabolism during endurance exercise were mediated by estrogen and physiological responses could be also different by sex-based differences.[37] However, there were limited studies to address the physiological inflammation induced by high intensity exercise on sex difference.”
BackgroundHuang, J., Fang, Y., Xu, M., Luo, H. L., Zhang, N., Huang, W., Pan, Z.-Z., Chen, Y., & Zhang, C. (2018) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s000711451800051x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“The sex influenced the metabolism of carbohydrate, such as women had less reliance on carbohydrate oxidation to ensure fuel requirements during exercises, which was mediated by oestrogen((47)).”
BackgroundShamlan, G. H., Bech, P., Robertson, M. D., & Collins, A. L. (2017) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2017-0280 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Gender differences in the metabolic response to exercise 69 are known to exist both during (Devries 2016, Trapp et al. 2007) and post-exercise (Henderson & 70 Alderman 2014).”
BackgroundMales and females exhibit similar muscle glycogen recovery with varied recovery food sources
Flynn, S., Rosales, A., Hailes, W., & Ruby, B. (2020) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04352-2 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“2000) and substrate use during endurance exercise (Devries 2016; Riddell et al.”
BackgroundPhysical Activity and Arterial Stiffness: A Narrative Review
Yang, J., Chen, X., Chen, X. '., & Li, L. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.14941 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The metabolic cost of breathing for exercise ventilations: effects of age and sex
Kipp, S., Arn, S. R., Leahy, M. G., Guenette, J. A., & Sheel, A. W. (2024) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00282.2023 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Dried blood spot characterization of sex‐based metabolic responses to acute running exercise
Cendali, F. I., D’Alessandro, A., & Nemkov, T. G. (2023) · Analytical Science Advances · doi:10.1002/ansa.202200039 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Determinants of intramyocellular lipid accumulation in early childhood
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Pacing Strategy and Tactical Positioning During Cyclo-Cross Races
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Menstrual Cycle Tracking in Sports Research: Challenges, Progress, and Future Directions
Dole, A., Beaven, C. M., & Sims, S. T. (2023) · Physiologia · doi:10.3390/physiologia3040044 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“%) of maximal aerobic capacity (VO 2 max) [31,34,36,38,54].”
BackgroundCarbohydrate Considerations for Athletes with a Spinal Cord Injury
Ruettimann, B., Perret, C., Parnell, J. A., & Flueck, J. L. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13072177 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“For example, evidence revealed a lower reliance on CHO metabolism throughout endurance exercise in AB women compared to AB men, most likely through hormonal differences [67].”
BackgroundSex differences in ketogenic diet: are men more likely than women to lose weight?
Jiao, Y., Chen, X., Liu, L., Lu, Y., Gao, M., Wang, Q., Chi, X., & Mo, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1600927 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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“syndrome disorder in females, so that the sex based discordance might be explained by metabolism differences in some degree (Devries, 2016; Liguori et al., 2014).”
BackgroundCarbohydrate mouth rinse does not affect performance during a 60-min running race in women
Chryssanthopoulos, C., Ziaras, C., Oosthuyse, T., Lambropoulos, I., Giorgios P, P., Zacharogiannis, E., Philippou, A., & Maridaki, M. (2018) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2017.1344358 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“However, a sex-difference in resting and exercising substrate partitioning is well documented where women, even during their early follicular phase, rely less on carbohydrate and more on fat utilisation than men (Devries, 2016).”
BackgroundEnergy expenditure in people with motor-complete paraplegia
Holmlund, T., Ekblom‐Bak, E., Franzén, E., Hultling, C., Nilsson-Wikmar, L. B., & Wahman, K. (2017) · Spinal Cord · doi:10.1038/sc.2017.27 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Does Carbohydrate Intake During Endurance Running Improve Performance? A Critical Review
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“sex differences in carbohydrate metabolism and GI tolerance (20,48).”
BackgroundPhysiology of Health and Performance: Enabling Success of Women in Combat Arms Roles.
Dyches, K. D., Friedl, K., Greeves, J., Keller, M., McClung, H., McGurk, M., Popp, K., & Teyhen, D. (2023) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usac256 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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“Women also show less dependence on liver and muscle glycogen for endurance effort, relying more on intramyocellular lipids, which is attributed to their higher estrogen levels [9].”
BackgroundDomains of Physical Activity in Relation to Stiffness Index in the General Population
Arnold, N., Deiseroth, A., Hahad, O., Diestelmeier, S., Schulz, A., Daubenbüchel, A., Gori, T., Binder, H., Pfeiffer, N., Prochaska, J. H., et al. (2021) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.121.020930 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Exercise Metabolism in Health and Disease
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“Most research which examine the role of any particular strategy to enhance endurance performance have been done solely in men (Devries 2016) and very few studies examining the effect of carbohydrate Page 13 of 35 https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/apnm-pubs Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and…”
BackgroundTakahashi, K., Kitaoka, Y., & Hatta, H. (2023) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2022-0462 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Does branched-chain amino acid supplementation improve pulmonary rehabilitation effect in COPD?
de Bisschop, C., Caron, F., Ingrand, P., Bretonneau, Q., Dupuy, O., & Meurice, J.-C. (2021) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2021.106642 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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The influence of sex on fiber-specific indices of oxidative capacity in human skeletal muscle
Bailleul, C., Hodson, N. W., Sawan, S. A., Kumbhare, D. A., Moore, D. R., & Gillen, J. B. (2025) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00298.2024 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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Bajpeyi, S., Apaflo, J. N., Rosas, V., Sepulveda-Rivera, K., Varela-Ramı́rez, A., Covington, J. D., Galgani, J. E., & Ravussin, É. (2023) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-023-05266-5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Since there is sex based differences in lipid deposition and substrate utilization (Devries 2016), future studies should be expanded to both genders.”
BackgroundTakahashi, K., Kitaoka, Y., Matsunaga, Y., & Hatta, H. (2022) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003045 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Finally, estrogen actions through ERα might facilitate fat oxidation during exercise (57,58).”
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Smith, E., Kuikman, M., Weakley, J., Tee, N., McCormick, R., Ackerman, K., Elliott-Sale, K. J., Stellingwerff, T., Harris, R., McKay, A. K., et al. (2024) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003608 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…there are some reports of altered CHO/fat oxidation during 45 to 90 min of submaximal cycling, alongside power output across repeated sprints, be-tween the follicular and luteal phases (47,49 – 51), with no such effects observed between active and withdrawal pill-taking phases among OCP users (50).”
Sexual Dimorphism in Substrate Metabolism During Exercise
Abo, S. M. C., Casella, E., & Layton, A. T. (2024) · Bulletin of Mathematical Biology · doi:10.1007/s11538-023-01242-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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“Some explanation for higher relative VO2 values among women can be found in previous works that have shown that women rely more on aerobic metabolism, especially fatty acid oxidation, at a given bout of exercise intensity thanmen (Tarnopolsky, 2000; Devries, 2016).”
BackgroundEffect of Aerobic/Strength Training on RANKL Gene DNA Methylation Levels
Chelly, A., Bouzid, A., Neifar, F., et al. (2023) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2022-0245 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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Effect of performance standard and sex on 24 h ultra-marathon pacing profiles
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“The differences in pacing between genders found in the literature may be explained by physiological (Temesi et al., 2015; Devries, 2016) and psychological (Renfree et al., 2016; Deaner et al., 2015; Deaner, 2013) parameters.”
Velez, M., Chasan‐Taber, L., Goldwater, E., & VanKim, N. A. (2020) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2020/3538746 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“For example, while high intensity interval training has been observed to increase aerobic capacity in both men and women, its ability to enhance insulin sensitivity appears to be blunted in women, which may have implications for prediabetes and diabetes but remains to be studied [26].”
BackgroundBeaudry, K. M., Surdi, J. C., Wilkinson, J. A., & Devries, M. C. (2023) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00281.2021 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationWeber, V. M. R., Queiróga, M. R., Puranda, J. L., Semeniuk, K., Macdonald, M. L., Dantas, D. B., da Silva, D. F., & Adamo, K. B. (2024) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-024-00776-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Females may be more susceptible to negative sequalae due to disparities in physical fitness and metabolic demands [95].”
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“As it has been shown that females have higher IMCL accumulation in response to lipid infusion [77,78], it is possible that skeletal muscle lipid storage in response to HFD may differ between males and females.”
BackgroundKubica, C., Ketelhut, S., Querciagrossa, D., BURGER, M., WIDMER, M., BERNHARD, J., SCHNEIDER, M., Ries, T., & Nigg, C. R. (2023) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15277-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Maximal Fat Oxidation during Incremental Upper and Lower Body Exercise in Healthy Young Males
Price, M., Bottoms, L. M., Hill, M. W., & Eston, R. G. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192215311 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“A similar response in MFO and Fatmax may occur for upper body exercise, as observed for males, although this remains to be tested, particularly in consideration of the effects of sex hormones observed on metabolism [50].”
BackgroundMattioli, A. V., Nasi, M., Pinti, M., & Palumbo, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.919257 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Sex-based differences in exercise muscle metabolism strongly impact exercise and nutritional strategies: all these parameters/conditions are to be taken into account to optimize not only performance in women but also, and more importantly, the overall women’s health (20).”
BackgroundHirsch, K. R., Cabre, H. E., Gould, L. M., Blue, M. N. M., & Smith‐Ryan, A. E. (2022) · Journal of the American Nutrition Association · doi:10.1080/07315724.2022.2060373 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Exercise and Muscle Glycogen Metabolism
Ørtenblad, N., Nielsen, J., Morton, J. P., & Areta, J. L. (2022) · Physiology in health and disease · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-94305-9_5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Oosthuyse, T., Florence, G. E., Correia, A. T. L., Smyth, C., & Bosch, A. N. (2021) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004046 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Similarly, in women, the ovarian hormones alter substrate partitioning in favor of greater fat utilization at any given relative exercise intensity (8,24) and may suppress hepatic glucose production (10) compared with men.”
Background
- Authors
- Devries, M. C.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Devries, Michaela C.
- ORCID
- Devries, Michaela C.
- Venue
- Experimental Physiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-11-14
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 243-249
- ISSN
- 0958-0670 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-445X
- OpenAlex
- W1960002717
- Semantic Scholar
- 5f7567342e17787532b53e0d41d13423e688821a
- Cited by
- 151
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6
- FWCI
- 0.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Experimental Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Keywords
- sex differences, endurance exercise, exercise metabolism, carbohydrate oxidation, fat oxidation, respiratory exchange ratio, muscle glycogen, liver glycogen, intramyocellular lipid, estrogen, training effects, nutritional strategies, women's health, exercise performance
- MeSH terms
- Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Physical Endurance, Sex Characteristics, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal
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