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A Prospective Study of Bowel Movement Frequency and Risk of Parkinson's Disease
Open accessAbstract
The authors prospectively examined bowel movement frequency at baseline in relation to future Parkinson's disease risk in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) during 2000-2006 (33,901 men) and the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) during 1982-2006 (93,767 women). During the follow-up (6 years for the HPFS and 24 years for the NHS), the authors identified 156 incident male Parkinson's disease cases (HPFS) and 402 female cases (NHS). In the HPFS, compared with men with daily bowel movements, men with a bowel movement every 3 days or less had a multivariate-adjusted relative risk of 4.98 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.59, 9.57) for developing Parkinson's disease in the next 6 years. In the NHS, the corresponding relative risk was 2.15 (95% CI: 0.76, 6.10), and the risk of Parkinson's disease was not elevated beyond 6 years of follow-up (relative risks = 1.25 for years 7-12, 0.54 for years 13-18, and 0.88 for years 19-24). When these 2 cohorts were combined, the pooled relative risks for Parkinson's disease in the next 6 years were 0.75, 1 (referent), 2.62, and 3.93 (95% CI: 2.26, 6.84) (P(trend) < 0.0001) across 4 bowel movement categories. In conclusion, infrequent bowel movements may antedate the onset of cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease and may contribute to the identification of populations with higher than average Parkinson's disease risk.
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“Some of these symptoms may precede the classical motor symptoms by several years (Abbott et al., 2001;Chen et al., 2015;Gao et al., 2011)”
From The Gut-Brain Axis in Parkinson’s Disease: Possibilities for Food-Based Therapies (2017) · cites this paper as Gao et al., 2011
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Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson’s disease
Braak, H., Tredici, K. D., Rüb, U., de Vos, R. A. I., Jansen Steur, E. N. H., & Braak, E. (2003) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(02)00065-9 · Cited by 10,777
Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease: diagnosis and management
Chaudhuri, K. R., Healy, D. G., & Schapira, A. H. (2006) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(06)70373-8 · Cited by 2,807
Braak, H., de Vos, R. A. I., Bohl, J., & Del Tredici, K. (2006) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2005.11.012 · Cited by 1,354
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Frequency of Bowel Movements and the Future Risk of Parkinson’s Disease
Abbott, R. D., Petrovitch, H., White, L. R., Masaki, K. H., Tanner, C. M., Curb, J. D., Grandinetti, A., Blanchette, P. L., Popper, J. S., & Ross, G. W. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.57.3.456 · Cited by 839
Association of olfactory dysfunction with risk for future Parkinson's disease
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Prospective Study of Caffeine Consumption and Risk of Parkinson’s Disease in Men and Women
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Self-citationA timeline for Parkinson's disease
Hawkes, C. H., Del Tredici, K., & Braak, H. (2010) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2009.08.007 · Cited by 594
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“In our previous studies, we observed that several preParkinson symptoms (eg, constipation, weight loss, and erectile dysfunction) preceded the onset of motor symptoms.(2-4) Hyposmia and REM sleep behavior disorder have been also consistently found to be able to predict future PD risk.”
BackgroundA Prospective Study of Bowel Movement Frequency and Risk of Parkinson's Disease
Robottom, B. (2012) · Yearbook of Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.yneu.2012.04.015
Targeting the Gut-Brain axis in Parkinson's disease
Perez‐Pardo, P. (2017) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
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Crotty, G. F. (2018) · Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology)
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“Некоторые из этих симптомов могут предшествовать моторным проявлениям за несколько лет [5, 6, 7], и их появление у здоровых людей рассматривается как повышенный риск развития БП [5, 8].”
Novindra, Q. A., Alifah, F. G., & Syarifah, N. A. (2021) · Al-Iqra Medical Journal Jurnal Berkala Ilmiah Kedokteran · doi:10.26618/aimj.v4i1.4980
“Dimana ditemukan 75% dari pasien PD mengalami sembelit [4] dan gangguan pengosongan lambung.”
BackgroundParkinson’s Disease - Animal Models, Current Therapies and Clinical Trials
Yenisetti, S. C., Koza, Z., Kumar, D., Singh, S. K., & Ganeshpurkar, A. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.100831
Koza, Z., Rajani, P. S., ., M., Kunnumakkara, A. B., & Yenisetti, S. C. (2023) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.113151 · Cited by 1
Arakelyan, N. L., Kesoyan., A. A., Aloyan, D. A., & Manvelyan, H. M. (2023) · MEDICINE SCIENCE AND EDUCATION · doi:10.56936/18291775-2023.36-45
Bowel Health, Laxative Use, and Cognitive Function in Older Puerto Rican Adults
Dinesh, D., Lee, J. S., Scott, T. M., Tucker, K. L., & Palacios, N. (2025) · Journal of Aging Research · doi:10.1155/jare/2674457 · Cited by 1
“Te interrelatedness between gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and cognitive dysfunction in neurologic disorders is reported [3–5].”
Estudio del sistema nervioso autónomo en la enfermedad de Parkinson y otras alfasinucleinopatías
Navarro‐Otano, J. (2014) · Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona)
Parkinson’s disease biomarkers: bridging the gap between diagnosis and treatment
Chakkarwar, V. A., & Kulkarni, Y. A. (2026) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2026.116120
Metadata
- Authors
- Gao, X., Chen, H., Schwarzschild, M. A., & Ascherio, A.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gao, X.
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-06-30
- Volume
- 174
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 546-551
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- PMC
- PMC3202149
- OpenAlex
- W2103939473
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 4.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1z01es101986-03, Z01-ES101986)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS061858, K24NS060991, R01NS048517)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Z01-ES 101986)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, stool frequency, constipation, risk factors, men, women, Health Professionals Follow-up Study, Nurses' Health Study
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Constipation, Defecation, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Parkinson Disease, Risk Factors
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