The DOI matches its Crossref record; 25 of the 25 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Prospective Study of Bowel Movement Frequency and Risk of Parkinson's Disease
Open accessAbstract
The authors prospectively examined bowel movement frequency at baseline in relation to future Parkinson's disease risk in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) during 2000-2006 (33,901 men) and the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) during 1982-2006 (93,767 women). During the follow-up (6 years for the HPFS and 24 years for the NHS), the authors identified 156 incident male Parkinson's disease cases (HPFS) and 402 female cases (NHS). In the HPFS, compared with men with daily bowel movements, men with a bowel movement every 3 days or less had a multivariate-adjusted relative risk of 4.98 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.59, 9.57) for developing Parkinson's disease in the next 6 years. In the NHS, the corresponding relative risk was 2.15 (95% CI: 0.76, 6.10), and the risk of Parkinson's disease was not elevated beyond 6 years of follow-up (relative risks = 1.25 for years 7-12, 0.54 for years 13-18, and 0.88 for years 19-24). When these 2 cohorts were combined, the pooled relative risks for Parkinson's disease in the next 6 years were 0.75, 1 (referent), 2.62, and 3.93 (95% CI: 2.26, 6.84) (P(trend) < 0.0001) across 4 bowel movement categories. In conclusion, infrequent bowel movements may antedate the onset of cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease and may contribute to the identification of populations with higher than average Parkinson's disease risk.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Some of these symptoms may precede the classical motor symptoms by several years (Abbott et al., 2001;Chen et al., 2015;Gao et al., 2011)”
From The Gut-Brain Axis in Parkinson’s Disease: Possibilities for Food-Based Therapies (2017) · cites this paper as Gao et al., 2011
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson’s disease
Braak, H., Tredici, K. D., Rüb, U., de Vos, R. A. I., Jansen Steur, E. N. H., & Braak, E. (2003) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(02)00065-9 · Cited by 10,777
Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease: diagnosis and management
Chaudhuri, K. R., Healy, D. G., & Schapira, A. H. (2006) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(06)70373-8 · Cited by 2,807
Braak, H., de Vos, R. A. I., Bohl, J., & Del Tredici, K. (2006) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2005.11.012 · Cited by 1,354
Feskanich, D., Rimm, E. B., Giovannucci, E. L., Colditz, G. A., Stampfer, M. J., Litin, L. B., & Willett, W. C. (1993) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/0002-8223(93)91754-e · Cited by 1,070
Salvini, S., Hunter, D. J., SAMPSON, L., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., ROSNER, B. A., & Willett, W. C. (1989) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/18.4.858 · Cited by 1,038
Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease
Pfeiffer, R. F. (2003) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(03)00307-7 · Cited by 933
Frequency of Bowel Movements and the Future Risk of Parkinson’s Disease
Abbott, R. D., Petrovitch, H., White, L. R., Masaki, K. H., Tanner, C. M., Curb, J. D., Grandinetti, A., Blanchette, P. L., Popper, J. S., & Ross, G. W. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.57.3.456 · Cited by 839
Association of olfactory dysfunction with risk for future Parkinson's disease
Ross, G. W., Petrovitch, H., Abbott, R. D., Tanner, C. M., Popper, J. S., Masaki, K., Launer, L. J., & White, L. R. (2007) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21291 · Cited by 739
Prospective Study of Caffeine Consumption and Risk of Parkinson’s Disease in Men and Women
Ascherio, A., Zhang, S. M., Hernán, M. A., Kawachi, I., Colditz, G. A., Speizer, F. E., & Willett, W. C. (2001) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.1052 · Cited by 677
Self-citationA timeline for Parkinson's disease
Hawkes, C. H., Del Tredici, K., & Braak, H. (2010) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2009.08.007 · Cited by 594
Meta-analysis of Epidemiologic Dose-Response Data
Berlin, J. A., Longnecker, M. P., & Greenland, S. (1993) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199305000-00005 · Cited by 563
Invited Article: Nervous system pathology in sporadic Parkinson disease
Braak, H., & Tredici, K. D. (2008) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000312279.49272.9f · Cited by 548
Medical records documentation of constipation preceding Parkinson disease
Savica, R., Carlin, J. M., Grossardt, B. R., Bower, J. H., Ahlskog, J. E., Maraganore, D. M., Bharucha, A. E., & Rocca, W. A. (2009) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181c34af5 · Cited by 431
Prospective study of dietary pattern and risk of Parkinson disease
Gao, X., Chen, H., Fung, T. T., Logroscino, G., Schwarzschild, M. A., Hu, F. B., & Ascherio, A. (2007) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1486 · Cited by 340
Bloch, A., Probst, A., Bissig, H., Adams, H., & Tolnay, M. (2006) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.2006.00727.x · Cited by 337
Parkinson's Disease: The Dual Hit Theory Revisited
Hawkes, C. H., Del Tredici, K., & Braak, H. (2009) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04365.x · Cited by 303
Weight loss in Parkinson's disease
Chen, H., Zhang, S. M., Hernán, M. Á., Willett, W. C., & Ascherio, A. (2003) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.10577 · Cited by 301
A critical evaluation of current staging of α-synuclein pathology in Lewy body disorders
Jellinger, K. A. (2008) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.07.006 · Cited by 247
Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease
Jost, W. H. (2010) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2009.08.020 · Cited by 222
Bowel movement frequency in late‐life and incidental Lewy bodies
Abbott, R. D., Ross, G. W., Petrovitch, H., Tanner, C. M., Davis, D. G., Masaki, K., Launer, L. J., Curb, J. D., & White, L. R. (2007) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.21560 · Cited by 203
Phillips, R. J., Walter, G. C., Wilder, S. L., Baronowsky, E. A., & Powley, T. L. (2008) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.02.074 · Cited by 189
McCrea, G. L., Miaskowski, C. A., Stotts, N. A., Macera, L., & Varma, M. G. (2008) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2008.04.016 · Cited by 167
Erectile Function and Risk of Parkinson's Disease
Gao, X., Chen, H., Schwarzschild, M. A., Glasser, D. B., Logroscino, G., Rimm, E. B., & Ascherio, A. (2007) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwm246 · Cited by 111
Bowel movement frequency in late‐life and substantia nigra neuron density at death
Petrovitch, H., Abbott, R. D., Ross, G. W., Nelson, J. R., Masaki, K., Tanner, C. M., Launer, L. J., & White, L. R. (2008) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.22360 · Cited by 72
Perceived imbalance and risk of Parkinson's disease
Gao, X., Chen, H., Schwarzschild, M. A., Logroscino, G., & Ascherio, A. (2008) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.21919 · Cited by 22
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
MDS research criteria for prodromal Parkinson's disease
Berg, D., Postuma, R. B., Adler, C. H., Bloem, B. R., Chan, P., Dubois, B., Gasser, T., Goetz, C. G., Halliday, G. M., Joseph, L., et al. (2015) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.26431 · Cited by 1,394
“This is based upon two population-based studies.(35,37) - LR(1) 2.”
MethodThe gut-brain axis: is intestinal inflammation a silent driver of Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis?
Houser, M. C., & Tansey, M. G. (2017) · npj Parkinson's Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-016-0002-0 · Cited by 588
“Another study found that constipated men (three or fewer bowel movements per week) were five times more likely and constipated women three times more likely to be diagnosed with PD within 6 years compared to individuals who were not constipated.(62) Meta-analyses suggest that constipation is more than twice as common…”
Advances in markers of prodromal Parkinson disease
Postuma, R. B., & Berg, D. (2016) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2016.152 · Cited by 422
Premotor and nonmotor features of Parkinson's disease
Goldman, J. G., & Postuma, R. (2014) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000000112 · Cited by 342
Kelly, L. P., Carvey, P. M., Keshavarzian, A., Shannon, K. M., Shaikh, M., Bakay, R. A. E., & Kordower, J. H. (2014) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.25736 · Cited by 308
Metadata
- Authors
- Gao, X., Chen, H., Schwarzschild, M. A., & Ascherio, A.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gao, X.
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-06-30
- Volume
- 174
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 546-551
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- PMC
- PMC3202149
- OpenAlex
- W2103939473
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 4.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1z01es101986-03, Z01-ES101986)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS061858, K24NS060991, R01NS048517)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Z01-ES 101986)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, stool frequency, constipation, risk factors, men, women, Health Professionals Follow-up Study, Nurses' Health Study
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Constipation, Defecation, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Parkinson Disease, Risk Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
