Cited by 594Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and TreatmentsDementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchNeurological disorders and treatments

A timeline for Parkinson's disease

Hawkes, Christopher H., Del Tredici, Kelly, Braak, Heiko·2010·Parkinsonism & Related Disorders

Abstract

It is reasonably well established that prior to the motor phase of classical Parkinson's disease (PD) there is a prodromal period of several years duration. Once typical motor features appear, the disease continues up to 20 years depending on multiple variables. The clinical features of the prodromal and motor phases may be correlated with pathological changes in the central and autonomic nervous systems to allow a sequential plan of disease progression. We present a 'best guess' for a typical individual presenting with PD in their sixties and speculate that the disease will last approximately 40 years from the earliest non-motor features to death. Appreciation of this concept may allow better strategies for slowing or halting disease progression.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2009.08.007

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93 of 93 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Environmental factors such as microorganisms, including nasal/gut microbiota, and toxins like pesticides might start a pathological process at the olfactory bulbs and enteric nerve cell plexus, causing mucosal inflammation and oxidative stress and thereby initiating alpha-synuclein accumulation.

    “Environmental factors such as microorganisms, including nasal/gut microbiota, and toxins like pesticides might start a pathological process at two sites, in the OB and within enteric nerve cell plexus (Hawkes et al., 2009b), causing mucosal inflammation and oxidative stress and thereby initiating alpha-synuclein accumulation (Hawkes et al., 2010).”

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Authors
Hawkes, C. H., Del Tredici, K., & Braak, H.
Affiliations
  • Queen Mary University of London (GB)
  • Universität Ulm (DE)
Corresponding author
Hawkes, Christopher H.
Venue
Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2010-02
Volume
16
Issue
2
Pages
79-84
ISSN
1353-8020 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2046189898
Cited by
594
References
93
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 29
FWCI
2.40
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Parkinsonism & Related Disorders (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
Keywords
Parkinson's disease, disease progression
MeSH terms
Humans, Models, Biological, Parkinson Disease, Lewy Bodies, Disease Progression

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