The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 1 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials
Open accessAbstract
The effects of low-carbohydrate diets (≤45% of energy from carbohydrates) versus low-fat diets (≤30% of energy from fat) on metabolic risk factors were compared in a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Twenty-three trials from multiple countries with a total of 2,788 participants met the predetermined eligibility criteria (from January 1, 1966 to June 20, 2011) and were included in the analyses. Data abstraction was conducted in duplicate by independent investigators. Both low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets lowered weight and improved metabolic risk factors. Compared with participants on low-fat diets, persons on low-carbohydrate diets experienced a slightly but statistically significantly lower reduction in total cholesterol (2.7 mg/dL; 95% confidence interval: 0.8, 4.6), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (3.7 mg/dL; 95% confidence interval: 1.0, 6.4), but a greater increase in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (3.3 mg/dL; 95% confidence interval: 1.9, 4.7) and a greater decrease in triglycerides (-14.0 mg/dL; 95% confidence interval: -19.4, -8.7). Reductions in body weight, waist circumference and other metabolic risk factors were not significantly different between the 2 diets. These findings suggest that low-carbohydrate diets are at least as effective as low-fat diets at reducing weight and improving metabolic risk factors. Low-carbohydrate diets could be recommended to obese persons with abnormal metabolic risk factors for the purpose of weight loss. Studies demonstrating long-term effects of low-carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular events were warranted.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| TC:HDL ratio | 5 | -0.1 | -0.3, 0.1 | 1 | -0.5 | -0.8, -0.1 | 5 | -0.1 | -0.3, 0.1 | 5 | -0.1 | -0.3, 0.1 |”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > S52 Hu et al.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of those, 23 studies met all of the eligibility criteria and were included in the meta-analysis”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| SBP, mmHg | 18 | -1.0 | -3.5, 1.5 | 10 | -0.1 | -2.5, 2.3 | 17 | -1.4 | -3.9, 1.2 | 17 | -1.6 | -4.2, 1.0 |”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > S52 Hu et al.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Weight, kg | 22 | -1.0 | -2.2, 0.2 | 12 | -1.3 | -2.8, 0.2 | 19 | -1.3 | -2.5, -0.1 | 18 | -1.4 | -2.6, -0.2 |”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > S52 Hu et al.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subgroup analyses by gender, diabetic status, level of carbohydrate restriction, and study duration did not identify statistically significant differences in the majority of metabolic risk factor reductions between low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| WC, cm | 10 | -0.1 | -0.6, 0.4 | 8 | -0.3 | -1.0, 0.5 | 8 | -0.2 | -0.7, 0.3 | 8 | -0.2 | -0.7, 0.3 |”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > S52 Hu et al.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Insulin, IU/mL | 12 | -0.1 | -0.8, 0.6 | 8 | -0.1 | -1.0, 0.8 | 10 | -0.1 | -0.9, 0.7 | 10 | -0.3 | -0.9, 0.7 |”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > S52 Hu et al.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| HDL, mg/dL | 19 | 3.3 | 1.9, 4.7 | 11 | 3.0 | 1.9, 4.1 | 18 | 3.4 | 1.9, 4.8 | 17 | 3.3 | 1.9, 4.8 |”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > S52 Hu et al.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| TC:HDL ratio | 5 | -0.1 | -0.3, 0.1 | 1 | -0.5 | -0.8, -0.1 | 5 | -0.1 | -0.3, 0.1 | 5 | -0.1 | -0.3, 0.1 |”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > S52 Hu et al.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, statistically significant heterogeneity was detected for body weight (I 2 = 85.7%,P < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (I 2 = 91.7%,P < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (I 2 = 40.8%,P = 0.04), LDL cholesterol (I 2 = 50.0%,P= 0.01), HDL cholesterol(I 2 = 78.6%,P< 0.001),andratiooftotaltoHDLcholesterol (I 2 = 75.0%,P= 0.003)amongtrials.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 20
- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
- The quote only partly states this claim. 6
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pooled mean net changes in diastolic blood pressures and serum insulin were also not significant (data not shown).”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, 4 studies were conducted in patients with diabetes (23,26,28,29), 1 was conducted in patients with prediabetes (31), and 1 was conducted in patients with coronary heart disease (23).”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| TG, mg/dL | 20 | -14.0 -19.4, -8.7 | 12 | -11.2 -16.9, -5.5 | 19 | -13.4 -18.7, -8.1 | 18 | -13.6 -19.2, -8.0 |”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > S52 Hu et al.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| DBP, mmHg | 18 | -0.7 | -1.6, 0.2 | 10 | -1.1 | -2.4, 0.2 | 17 | -0.8 | -1.7, 0.2 | 17 | -0.8 | -1.7, 0.2 |”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > S52 Hu et al.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, in the younger age group, low-carbohydrate diets resulted in significantly greater reductions in systolic blood pressure (-2.7 mm Hg, 95% CI: -4.5 to -0.9), diastolic blood pressure (-1.5 mm Hg, -2.7 to -0.2), and serum insulin (-0.9 μIU/mL, -1.8 to -0.1) as compared with results in the older age groups.However, these findings were not statistically significant after adjustment for”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets lowered weight and improved metabolic risk factors.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pooled mean net changes in systolic blood pressure (-1.0 mm Hg, 95% CI: -3.5, 1.5), ratio of total to HDL cholesterol (-0.1, 95% CI: -0.3, 0.1), and fasting blood glucose (-0.3 mg/dL, 95% CI: -1.9, 1.3) were not significantly different between the 2 diets.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Glucose, mg/dL | 14 | -0.3 | -1.9, 1.3 | 10 | -0.6 | -2.7, 1.4 | 13 | -0.4 | -2.1, 1.4 | 13 | -0.4 | -2.1, 1.4 |”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > S52 Hu et al.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“All trials were parallel except for 1 trial that had a factorial design (13).”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pooled mean net changes in systolic blood pressure (-1.0 mm Hg, 95% CI: -3.5, 1.5), ratio of total to HDL cholesterol (-0.1, 95% CI: -0.3, 0.1), and fasting blood glucose (-0.3 mg/dL, 95% CI: -1.9, 1.3) were not significantly different between the 2 diets.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These differences remained statistically significant after correction for multiple comparisons.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These studies included data from 2,788 trial participants (1,392 on low-carbohydrate diets and 1,396 on low-fat diets).”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 2,788Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| SBP, mmHg | 18 | -1.0 | -3.5, 1.5 | 10 | -0.1 | -2.5, 2.3 | 17 | -1.4 | -3.9, 1.2 | 17 | -1.6 | -4.2, 1.0 |”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > S52 Hu et al.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pooled mean net changes and 95% confidence intervals representing differences between the diets in body weight (-1.0 kg, 95% confidence interval (CI): -2.2, 0.2) and waist circumference (-0.1 cm, 95% CI: -0.6, 0.4) reductions were not statistically significant.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The goal dietary nutritional composition varied across the studies, with carbohydrate consumption ranging from 4% to 45% (weighted mean, 23%) of energy intake in the low-carbohydrate group and fat ranging from 10% to 30% (weighted mean, 26%) of energy intake in the low-fat group.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pooled mean net changes in systolic blood pressure (-1.0 mm Hg, 95% CI: -3.5, 1.5), ratio of total to HDL cholesterol (-0.1, 95% CI: -0.3, 0.1), and fasting blood glucose (-0.3 mg/dL, 95% CI: -1.9, 1.3) were not significantly different between the 2 diets.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no significant heterogeneity in the net changes in total cholesterol (I 2 = 0.2%, P = 0.45), triglycerides (I 2 = 55.6%,P = 0.07), waist circumference (I 2 = 12.5%, P = 0.33), fasting blood glucose (I 2 = 41.2%,P = 0.06), or serum insulin (I 2 = 7.8%, P = 0.29) among these trials.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Insulin, IU/mL | 12 | -0.1 | -0.8, 0.6 | 8 | -0.1 | -1.0, 0.8 | 10 | -0.1 | -0.9, 0.7 | 10 | -0.3 | -0.9, 0.7 |”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > S52 Hu et al.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Self-reported mean energy intake weighted by trial sample sizes was similar for both diets at approximately 2,000 kcal.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pooled mean net changes and 95% confidence intervals representing differences between the diets in body weight (-1.0 kg, 95% confidence interval (CI): -2.2, 0.2) and waist circumference (-0.1 cm, 95% CI: -0.6, 0.4) reductions were not statistically significant.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Study duration ranged from 6 to 24 months, and 16 studies had an intervention duration of 12 months or longer”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Disagreement was resolved by consensus with additional investigators.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > Data extraction and quality assessment
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two investigators independently reviewed all potentially relevant publications and made decisions on inclusion.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > Study selection
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the reduction in ratio of total to HDL cholesterol, which has been identified as a predictor of coronary heart disease (35), was not significantly different between the 2 diets.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Gardner, 1996, Association of small low-density lipoprotein particles with the incidence of coronary artery disease in men and women, JAMA source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two investigators independently abstracted the data in duplicate using a standardized data collection form.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > Data extraction and quality assessment
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This meta-analysis had a sample size of 2,788, which provided the power to detect statistically significant mean differences, assess publication bias, and conduct sensitivity and subgroup analyses.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > S52 Hu et al.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the present meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing low-carbohydrate diets with low-fat diets, we found that both diets were equally effective at reducing body weight and waist circumference.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Baseline levels of body weight and metabolic risk factors were similar between the 2 diets in each study but varied among studies.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, losses to follow-up were substantial, especially in some trials (8,22,29).Almost half of the studies included in our meta-analysis had completion rates less than 70%.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Trial participants were usually not blinded to their assignment because of the nature of the intervention-most interventions provided dietary instruction, leaving food buying and/ or preparation to the participants.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings suggest that low-carbohydrate diets are at least as effective as low-fat diets at reducing weight and improving metabolic risk factors.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data abstraction was conducted in duplicate by independent investigators.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We conducted this meta-analysis following a stringent protocol.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > S52 Hu et al.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our findings suggest that low-carbohydrate diets are at least as effective as low-fat diets for weight loss, regardless of gender, age, length of intervention, diabetes status, and level of carbohydrate restriction.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Many clinical trials of low-carbohydrate diets have small sample sizes and insufficient statistical power to detect small changes in metabolic risk factors that may have public health importance.
“Many clinical trials of lowcarbohydrate diets have small sample sizes and insufficient statistical power to detect small changes in metabolic risk factors that may have public health importance.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Low-carbohydrate diets may include significant amounts of fat and cholesterol, which have been associated with elevated LDL cholesterol levels, raising concern about adverse effects on metabolic risk factors.
“Because lowcarbohydrate diets may include significant amounts of fat and cholesterol, which have been associated with elevated low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, there is concern about their adverse effects on metabolic risk factors.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Previous meta-analyses have included studies with CHO ranging from 20 g/d upto 40 -45 % at the beginning of the intervention (15,21)”
From Effects of low-carbohydrate diets v. low-fat diets on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“In contrast, a recent meta-analysis showed that both low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets reduced LDL cholesterol levels, although the reduction was less for persons assigned to low-carbohydrate diets (25).”
From Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets: A Randomized Trial (2014) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Our results with regard to body weight are consistent with those of other trials (23, 24) and a recent meta-analysis (25).”
From Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets: A Randomized Trial (2014) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“The decreases in HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels that we observed were within the range reported in previous weight-loss studies (25).”
From Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets: A Randomized Trial (2014) · cites this paper as [25]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Insulin estimate is not centered in its confidence interval
MinorFor the healthy-participant sensitivity analysis, the reported insulin net change is −0.3, whereas the midpoint of its stated 95% confidence interval is −0.1. That difference exceeds rounding to one decimal place for the symmetric confidence intervals described in the methods.
Reported -0.3 · recomputed -0.1
“| Insulin, IU/mL | 12 | -0.1 | -0.8, 0.6 | 8 | -0.1 | -1.0, 0.8 | 10 | -0.1 | -0.9, 0.7 | 10 | -0.3 | -0.9, 0.7 |”
Duration subgroup changes from at least to more than one year
MinorThe methods define the longer-duration subgroup as interventions lasting at least 12 months, which includes exactly one year. The results describe that subgroup as lasting more than one year, which excludes those trials.
“longer (≥12 months intervention) versus shorter (<12 months) study duration”
“participants who were on low-carbohydrate diets for more than 1 year (-0.9 kg, 95% CI: -1.6, -0.3)”
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Items 301–400 of 416
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BackgroundCurrent Evidence Regarding Low-carb Diets for The Metabolic Control of Type-2 Diabetes
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BackgroundAre Physicians Obligated to Recommend a Plant-Based Diet? A Response to Maximilian Storz
Milovac, T. (2023) · The New Bioethics · doi:10.1080/20502877.2023.2261729 · Cited by 1
“…and serum insulin levels and raised HDL cholesterol; however, participants on low-carbohydrate diets had greater increases in HDL cholesterol and greater decreases in triglycerides but experienced less reduction in total and LDL cholesterol compared with persons on low-fat diets (Hu et al .”
BackgroundLow-Carbohydrate Diet Score and Risk of Mortality: The Japan Collaborative Cohort Study
Sasakabe, T., Wakai, K., Kawai, S., Lin, Y., Hishida, A., Iso, H., Kikuchi, S., & Tamakoshi, A. (2025) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.02.001 · Cited by 1
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“A recent meta-analysis of 23 RCT from multiple countries which compared the effects of low-carbohydrate diets (<45% of energy) and low-fat diets on metabolic risk factors showed that, when carbohydrates are replaced by monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), healthy adults receiving low-carbohydrate diets experienced a s…”
BackgroundMedical Nutrition Therapy for Weight Management
Isaacs, S. D. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95655-8_19 · Cited by 1
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“Although guidelines from the American Heart Association and National Institutes of Health emphasize the importance of low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets [3], carbohydrate-restricted diets have recently garnered substantial attention in the scientific community and general public alike, and many studies have confirmed th…”
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Lavfett, høyfett eller ett fett?
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8 Integrative Nutritional Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease
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Obesity and Weight Management: A ‘Perpetuum Mobile’ Story. Is There Something New?
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“Allerdings kam es bei Low-Carb-Diäten zu einem größeren Anstieg des HDL-Cholesterins und einer stärkeren Reduktion der Triglyzeride, hingegen bei fettreduzierten Diäten zu einer größeren Reduktion des Gesamt- und des LDL-Cholesterins [12].”
BackgroundNutritional Dietary Approach for NAFLD: Carbohydrate Restriction or Fat Restriction
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Le régime cétogène pour maigrir
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“It is considered as a low carbohydrate diet, those in which this nutrient contribution is ≤ 45% of the total energy intake [11,14].”
BackgroundEin Plädoyer für die Ernährungstherapie
Nussbaumer, H., Markus, B., & Braun, M. (2019) · Diabetes aktuell · doi:10.1055/a-1031-7937
Ketogenic Diet and Glucose Control
Lee, Y. H. (2019) · Journal of Korean Diabetes · doi:10.4093/jkd.2019.20.4.244
Effects of ketogenic diet intervention on selected obese IIUM students during Ramadhan
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BackgroundFood in the occupational environment and its benefits in worker’s health
Pereira, P. M., Duarte, J., Pinho, O., Baptista, J. S., Ferraz, J., & de Santana, A. P. (2019) · Symposium on Occupational Safety and Health (SOSH) · doi:10.24840/978-972-752-260-6_0061-0067
Evaluating the impact of dietary macronutrient ratios on cardiovascular blood biomarkers
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“(64) looked at the effects of low carbohydrates on cardiovascular risk factors in their analysis of epidemiological studies.”
Background新規疾病発症モデルから期待する糖質制限食のmulti‐morbidity への有効性
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The Post-hunter-gatherer Era Microbes Hypothesis for Chronic Inflammatory DiseasesPreprint
Waterhouse, J. C. (2020) · doi:10.22541/au.160614799.98699073/v1
Dietary Patterns among Overweight/Obese Hispanic Women at High Risk for Type 2 Diabetes
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Which has the biggest impact on weight loss: Either low-fat or low-carbohydrate diet?
Mahmood, S., Rodriguez, D., Waits, S., & Hurst, D. J. (2019) · Evidence-Based Practice · doi:10.1097/ebp.0000000000000208
Low Carbohydrate Diet Score and the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Chinese AdultsPreprint
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Sajjadi, S. F., Mirzababaei, A., Pooyan, S., Rasaei, N., Yekaninejad, M. S., Shiraseb, F., & Mirzaei, K. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition Research · doi:10.7762/cnr.2022.11.1.50
“50 LCD decreases the consumption of carbohydrates to 20 to 60 g/day (typically less than 45% of the daily caloric intake) while enhancing protein and fat intake [8,9].”
BackgroundBlüher, M., & Stümvoll, M. (2019) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27316-7_1-2
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hu, T., Mills, K. T., Yao, L., Demanelis, K., Eloustaz, M., Yancy, W. S., Kelly, T. N., He, J., & Bazzano, L. A.
- Affiliations
- Tulane University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bazzano, Lydia A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-10-01
- Volume
- 176
- Issue
- suppl_7
- Pages
- S44-S54
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- PMC
- PMC3530364
- OpenAlex
- W2135997989
- Semantic Scholar
- 471641c6f74cd8ae96d1ba087339e5d2efad13ce
- Cited by
- 417
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 20
- FWCI
- 3.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Tulane University
- National Institutes of Health
- School of Medicine, Duke University
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K08HL091108)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- low-carbohydrate diet, low-fat diet, metabolic risk factors, weight loss, obesity, cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, waist circumference, dietary fat restriction
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, Body Weight, Cholesterol, Female, Humans, Insulin, Cholesterol, HDL, Cholesterol, LDL, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Triglycerides, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Diet, Fat-Restricted, Metabolic Syndrome, Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted, Waist Circumference, Young Adult
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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