The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 1 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials
Open accessAbstract
The effects of low-carbohydrate diets (≤45% of energy from carbohydrates) versus low-fat diets (≤30% of energy from fat) on metabolic risk factors were compared in a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Twenty-three trials from multiple countries with a total of 2,788 participants met the predetermined eligibility criteria (from January 1, 1966 to June 20, 2011) and were included in the analyses. Data abstraction was conducted in duplicate by independent investigators. Both low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets lowered weight and improved metabolic risk factors. Compared with participants on low-fat diets, persons on low-carbohydrate diets experienced a slightly but statistically significantly lower reduction in total cholesterol (2.7 mg/dL; 95% confidence interval: 0.8, 4.6), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (3.7 mg/dL; 95% confidence interval: 1.0, 6.4), but a greater increase in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (3.3 mg/dL; 95% confidence interval: 1.9, 4.7) and a greater decrease in triglycerides (-14.0 mg/dL; 95% confidence interval: -19.4, -8.7). Reductions in body weight, waist circumference and other metabolic risk factors were not significantly different between the 2 diets. These findings suggest that low-carbohydrate diets are at least as effective as low-fat diets at reducing weight and improving metabolic risk factors. Low-carbohydrate diets could be recommended to obese persons with abnormal metabolic risk factors for the purpose of weight loss. Studies demonstrating long-term effects of low-carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular events were warranted.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| TC:HDL ratio | 5 | -0.1 | -0.3, 0.1 | 1 | -0.5 | -0.8, -0.1 | 5 | -0.1 | -0.3, 0.1 | 5 | -0.1 | -0.3, 0.1 |”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > S52 Hu et al.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of those, 23 studies met all of the eligibility criteria and were included in the meta-analysis”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| SBP, mmHg | 18 | -1.0 | -3.5, 1.5 | 10 | -0.1 | -2.5, 2.3 | 17 | -1.4 | -3.9, 1.2 | 17 | -1.6 | -4.2, 1.0 |”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > S52 Hu et al.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Weight, kg | 22 | -1.0 | -2.2, 0.2 | 12 | -1.3 | -2.8, 0.2 | 19 | -1.3 | -2.5, -0.1 | 18 | -1.4 | -2.6, -0.2 |”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > S52 Hu et al.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subgroup analyses by gender, diabetic status, level of carbohydrate restriction, and study duration did not identify statistically significant differences in the majority of metabolic risk factor reductions between low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| WC, cm | 10 | -0.1 | -0.6, 0.4 | 8 | -0.3 | -1.0, 0.5 | 8 | -0.2 | -0.7, 0.3 | 8 | -0.2 | -0.7, 0.3 |”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > S52 Hu et al.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Insulin, IU/mL | 12 | -0.1 | -0.8, 0.6 | 8 | -0.1 | -1.0, 0.8 | 10 | -0.1 | -0.9, 0.7 | 10 | -0.3 | -0.9, 0.7 |”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > S52 Hu et al.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| HDL, mg/dL | 19 | 3.3 | 1.9, 4.7 | 11 | 3.0 | 1.9, 4.1 | 18 | 3.4 | 1.9, 4.8 | 17 | 3.3 | 1.9, 4.8 |”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > S52 Hu et al.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| TC:HDL ratio | 5 | -0.1 | -0.3, 0.1 | 1 | -0.5 | -0.8, -0.1 | 5 | -0.1 | -0.3, 0.1 | 5 | -0.1 | -0.3, 0.1 |”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > S52 Hu et al.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, statistically significant heterogeneity was detected for body weight (I 2 = 85.7%,P < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (I 2 = 91.7%,P < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (I 2 = 40.8%,P = 0.04), LDL cholesterol (I 2 = 50.0%,P= 0.01), HDL cholesterol(I 2 = 78.6%,P< 0.001),andratiooftotaltoHDLcholesterol (I 2 = 75.0%,P= 0.003)amongtrials.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 20
- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
- The quote only partly states this claim. 6
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pooled mean net changes in diastolic blood pressures and serum insulin were also not significant (data not shown).”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, 4 studies were conducted in patients with diabetes (23,26,28,29), 1 was conducted in patients with prediabetes (31), and 1 was conducted in patients with coronary heart disease (23).”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| TG, mg/dL | 20 | -14.0 -19.4, -8.7 | 12 | -11.2 -16.9, -5.5 | 19 | -13.4 -18.7, -8.1 | 18 | -13.6 -19.2, -8.0 |”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > S52 Hu et al.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| DBP, mmHg | 18 | -0.7 | -1.6, 0.2 | 10 | -1.1 | -2.4, 0.2 | 17 | -0.8 | -1.7, 0.2 | 17 | -0.8 | -1.7, 0.2 |”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > S52 Hu et al.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, in the younger age group, low-carbohydrate diets resulted in significantly greater reductions in systolic blood pressure (-2.7 mm Hg, 95% CI: -4.5 to -0.9), diastolic blood pressure (-1.5 mm Hg, -2.7 to -0.2), and serum insulin (-0.9 μIU/mL, -1.8 to -0.1) as compared with results in the older age groups.However, these findings were not statistically significant after adjustment for”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets lowered weight and improved metabolic risk factors.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pooled mean net changes in systolic blood pressure (-1.0 mm Hg, 95% CI: -3.5, 1.5), ratio of total to HDL cholesterol (-0.1, 95% CI: -0.3, 0.1), and fasting blood glucose (-0.3 mg/dL, 95% CI: -1.9, 1.3) were not significantly different between the 2 diets.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Glucose, mg/dL | 14 | -0.3 | -1.9, 1.3 | 10 | -0.6 | -2.7, 1.4 | 13 | -0.4 | -2.1, 1.4 | 13 | -0.4 | -2.1, 1.4 |”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > S52 Hu et al.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“All trials were parallel except for 1 trial that had a factorial design (13).”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pooled mean net changes in systolic blood pressure (-1.0 mm Hg, 95% CI: -3.5, 1.5), ratio of total to HDL cholesterol (-0.1, 95% CI: -0.3, 0.1), and fasting blood glucose (-0.3 mg/dL, 95% CI: -1.9, 1.3) were not significantly different between the 2 diets.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These differences remained statistically significant after correction for multiple comparisons.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These studies included data from 2,788 trial participants (1,392 on low-carbohydrate diets and 1,396 on low-fat diets).”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 2,788Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| SBP, mmHg | 18 | -1.0 | -3.5, 1.5 | 10 | -0.1 | -2.5, 2.3 | 17 | -1.4 | -3.9, 1.2 | 17 | -1.6 | -4.2, 1.0 |”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > S52 Hu et al.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pooled mean net changes and 95% confidence intervals representing differences between the diets in body weight (-1.0 kg, 95% confidence interval (CI): -2.2, 0.2) and waist circumference (-0.1 cm, 95% CI: -0.6, 0.4) reductions were not statistically significant.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The goal dietary nutritional composition varied across the studies, with carbohydrate consumption ranging from 4% to 45% (weighted mean, 23%) of energy intake in the low-carbohydrate group and fat ranging from 10% to 30% (weighted mean, 26%) of energy intake in the low-fat group.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pooled mean net changes in systolic blood pressure (-1.0 mm Hg, 95% CI: -3.5, 1.5), ratio of total to HDL cholesterol (-0.1, 95% CI: -0.3, 0.1), and fasting blood glucose (-0.3 mg/dL, 95% CI: -1.9, 1.3) were not significantly different between the 2 diets.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no significant heterogeneity in the net changes in total cholesterol (I 2 = 0.2%, P = 0.45), triglycerides (I 2 = 55.6%,P = 0.07), waist circumference (I 2 = 12.5%, P = 0.33), fasting blood glucose (I 2 = 41.2%,P = 0.06), or serum insulin (I 2 = 7.8%, P = 0.29) among these trials.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Insulin, IU/mL | 12 | -0.1 | -0.8, 0.6 | 8 | -0.1 | -1.0, 0.8 | 10 | -0.1 | -0.9, 0.7 | 10 | -0.3 | -0.9, 0.7 |”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > S52 Hu et al.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Self-reported mean energy intake weighted by trial sample sizes was similar for both diets at approximately 2,000 kcal.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pooled mean net changes and 95% confidence intervals representing differences between the diets in body weight (-1.0 kg, 95% confidence interval (CI): -2.2, 0.2) and waist circumference (-0.1 cm, 95% CI: -0.6, 0.4) reductions were not statistically significant.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Study duration ranged from 6 to 24 months, and 16 studies had an intervention duration of 12 months or longer”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Disagreement was resolved by consensus with additional investigators.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > Data extraction and quality assessment
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two investigators independently reviewed all potentially relevant publications and made decisions on inclusion.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > Study selection
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the reduction in ratio of total to HDL cholesterol, which has been identified as a predictor of coronary heart disease (35), was not significantly different between the 2 diets.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Gardner, 1996, Association of small low-density lipoprotein particles with the incidence of coronary artery disease in men and women, JAMA source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two investigators independently abstracted the data in duplicate using a standardized data collection form.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > Data extraction and quality assessment
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This meta-analysis had a sample size of 2,788, which provided the power to detect statistically significant mean differences, assess publication bias, and conduct sensitivity and subgroup analyses.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > S52 Hu et al.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the present meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing low-carbohydrate diets with low-fat diets, we found that both diets were equally effective at reducing body weight and waist circumference.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Baseline levels of body weight and metabolic risk factors were similar between the 2 diets in each study but varied among studies.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, losses to follow-up were substantial, especially in some trials (8,22,29).Almost half of the studies included in our meta-analysis had completion rates less than 70%.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Trial participants were usually not blinded to their assignment because of the nature of the intervention-most interventions provided dietary instruction, leaving food buying and/ or preparation to the participants.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > RESULTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings suggest that low-carbohydrate diets are at least as effective as low-fat diets at reducing weight and improving metabolic risk factors.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data abstraction was conducted in duplicate by independent investigators.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We conducted this meta-analysis following a stringent protocol.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > S52 Hu et al.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our findings suggest that low-carbohydrate diets are at least as effective as low-fat diets for weight loss, regardless of gender, age, length of intervention, diabetes status, and level of carbohydrate restriction.”
§ Systematic Reviews and Meta-and Pooled Analyses Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Many clinical trials of low-carbohydrate diets have small sample sizes and insufficient statistical power to detect small changes in metabolic risk factors that may have public health importance.
“Many clinical trials of lowcarbohydrate diets have small sample sizes and insufficient statistical power to detect small changes in metabolic risk factors that may have public health importance.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Low-carbohydrate diets may include significant amounts of fat and cholesterol, which have been associated with elevated LDL cholesterol levels, raising concern about adverse effects on metabolic risk factors.
“Because lowcarbohydrate diets may include significant amounts of fat and cholesterol, which have been associated with elevated low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, there is concern about their adverse effects on metabolic risk factors.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Previous meta-analyses have included studies with CHO ranging from 20 g/d upto 40 -45 % at the beginning of the intervention (15,21)”
From Effects of low-carbohydrate diets v. low-fat diets on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“In contrast, a recent meta-analysis showed that both low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets reduced LDL cholesterol levels, although the reduction was less for persons assigned to low-carbohydrate diets (25).”
From Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets: A Randomized Trial (2014) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Our results with regard to body weight are consistent with those of other trials (23, 24) and a recent meta-analysis (25).”
From Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets: A Randomized Trial (2014) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“The decreases in HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels that we observed were within the range reported in previous weight-loss studies (25).”
From Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets: A Randomized Trial (2014) · cites this paper as [25]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Insulin estimate is not centered in its confidence interval
MinorFor the healthy-participant sensitivity analysis, the reported insulin net change is −0.3, whereas the midpoint of its stated 95% confidence interval is −0.1. That difference exceeds rounding to one decimal place for the symmetric confidence intervals described in the methods.
Reported -0.3 · recomputed -0.1
“| Insulin, IU/mL | 12 | -0.1 | -0.8, 0.6 | 8 | -0.1 | -1.0, 0.8 | 10 | -0.1 | -0.9, 0.7 | 10 | -0.3 | -0.9, 0.7 |”
Duration subgroup changes from at least to more than one year
MinorThe methods define the longer-duration subgroup as interventions lasting at least 12 months, which includes exactly one year. The results describe that subgroup as lasting more than one year, which excludes those trials.
“longer (≥12 months intervention) versus shorter (<12 months) study duration”
“participants who were on low-carbohydrate diets for more than 1 year (-0.9 kg, 95% CI: -1.6, -0.3)”
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Oral insulin improves metabolic parameters in high fat diet fed rats
Lipinski, L. C., Kmetiuk, L. B., Mathias, P. C. D. F., Malta, A., Fávero, G. M., Ribeiro, T. A., TOLEDO, A., Netto, M. R. M., & Rodrigues, M. R. D. S. (2017) · Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências · doi:10.1590/0001-3765201720170040 · Cited by 19
“Some authors have shown benefits of high fat diet with low CH diets (Hu et al. 2012) to decrease metabolic risk factors.”
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“Finally, low-carbohydrate/high-fat diets have HDL-C raising and TG lowering effects compared with high-carbohydrate/low-fat diets [36].”
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“Thus, this group followed a LCD as defined by Atkins [3] and consequently not a LCD as defined by others as summarized in a recent systematic review and meta-analysis by Hu et al (2012) that interprets a LCD as maximum energy intake of 45 percent from carbohydrates.”
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“Differences in blood pressure were not observed between participants enrolled in the low-fat and low-carbohydrate diet arms of the 28 trials comprising the two meta-analyses.(13,14) The overarching aim of the current study was to investigate dietary interventions—in the context of increased physical activity—that coul…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialVetter, M. L., Amaro, A., & Volger, S. (2014) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.3810/pgm.2014.01.2734 · Cited by 22
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“[2] showed that weighted mean changes in LDLc and TC with low fat diet were −6.”
Dietary Fat and Sports Performance
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Relative Merits of Low-Carbohydrate Versus Low-Fat Diet in Managing Obesity
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Dietary Assessment Tools and Metabolic Syndrome: Is It Time to Change the Focus?
Chauhan, H., Belski, R., Bryant, E. J., & Cooke, M. B. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14081557 · Cited by 16
“Secondly, the rewarding properties of high-fat foods and their links to overconsumption appear to occur when fats and carbohydrates are consumed together [42].”
BackgroundAn Overview of Treatment Modalities and Management Aspects for Obesity
Kumar, M., Hussain, M. S., Sonu, S., Raj, S., Verma, R., Sharma, S., & Sahu, S. K. (2022) · Current Nutrition & Food Science · doi:10.2174/1573401318666220527124759 · Cited by 15
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“Similar findings were also noted in another meta-analysis, where LFDs significantly lowered the initial body weight and improved the risk factors, especially the lipid profile, including total and LDL cholesterol and triglycerides.(41)”
ResultYuan, Y., Chen, C., Liu, Q., Luo, Y., Yang, Z., Lin, Y., Sun, L., & Fan, G. (2024) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d4fo00337c · Cited by 22
Similar effects on cognitive performance during high- and low-carbohydrate obesity treatment
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Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets
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“Overall, low-carbohydrate diets lead to greater decreases in TC, LDL-C, and TG levels as well as increases in HDL-C concentrations compared with low-fat diets, according to a previous metaanalysis [100].”
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“Compared with low-fat diets, low-carbohydrate diets have shown more favorable effects on TG and HDL-C levels; however, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were reduced to a greater extent by lowfat diets [2, 4].”
BackgroundEvaluation of a Voluntary Worksite Weight Loss Program on Metabolic Syndrome
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The association between low-carbohydrate diet score and metabolic syndrome among Iranian adults
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“Studies suggest that higher carbohydrate intake is followed by lower HDL, hypertriglyceridemia and hyperinsulinemia(4,15,16).”
BackgroundComparison of Two Diet and Exercise Approaches on Weight Loss and Health Outcomes in Obese Women
Lockard, B. L., Mardock, M. A., Oliver, J. M., Byrd, M., Simbo, S. Y., Jagim, A. R., Kresta, J. Y., Baetge, C., Jung, Y. P., Koozehchian, M., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19084877 · Cited by 14
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Impact of Genetic Variants on the Individual Potential for Body Fat Loss
Cha, S., Kang, J. H., Lee, J.-H., Kim, J., Kim, H., Yang, Y., Park, W., & Kim, J. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10030266 · Cited by 10
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de Luis, D. A., Aller, R., Izaola, O., Díaz-Soto, G., Gómez, J. J. L., Hoyos, E. G., Torres, B., Villar, A., & Romero, E. (2015) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000375412 · Cited by 13
Lockard, B. L., Earnest, C. P., Oliver, J. M., Goodenough, C. G., Rasmussen, C. J., Greenwood, M., & Kreider, R. B. (2015) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2015.0096 · Cited by 13
Haimoto, H., Watanabe, S., Komeda, M., & Wakai, K. (2018) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s154839 · Cited by 14
“Third, almost all interventional studies have not paid attention to sex difference.(9,10,12) By focusing on the sex difference in the future, such studies could clarify the precise impact of carbohydrate intake from rice and noodles on HbA1c in East Asian populations.”
BackgroundAdherence to a Mediterranean diet by vegetarians and vegans as compared to omnivores
Avital, K., Buch, A., Hollander, I., Brickner, T., & Goldbourt, U. (2019) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/09637486.2019.1663797 · Cited by 12
“Numerous diet patterns have been suggested based on different nutritional aspects, such as nutrient intake (Hu et al. 2012; Wycherley et al. 2012) (e.g. low fat or low carb diets), nutritional preferences (e.g. vegetarian diets) (Davey et al. 2003; Orlich and Fraser 2014) and nutritional heritage,…”
BackgroundNoto, H., Goto, A., Tsujimoto, T., & Noda, M. (2016) · Journal of General and Family Medicine · doi:10.14442/jgfm.17.1_60 · Cited by 12
Zhang, N., Cheng, Y., Luo, R., Chang, D., Liu, T., Wang, Z., Guo, K., Ge, S., & Xu, G. (2021) · Journal of Renal Nutrition · doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2021.05.004 · Cited by 13
Imanpour, V., Khoshhali, M., Goodarzi-Khoigani, M., & Kelishadi, R. (2023) · Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · doi:10.4103/jrms.jrms_89_22 · Cited by 16
“[25] Mean changes of SBPs and DBPs were not significantly different between the two groups, and obtained results were consistent with a meta‐analysis of RCTs that compared low‐carbohydrate diets with low‐fat diets in adults and both diets decreased blood pressure.[54] In addition, a meta‐analysis comparing the influen…”
Metadata
- Authors
- Hu, T., Mills, K. T., Yao, L., Demanelis, K., Eloustaz, M., Yancy, W. S., Kelly, T. N., He, J., & Bazzano, L. A.
- Affiliations
- Tulane University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bazzano, Lydia A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-10-01
- Volume
- 176
- Issue
- suppl_7
- Pages
- S44-S54
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- PMC
- PMC3530364
- OpenAlex
- W2135997989
- Semantic Scholar
- 471641c6f74cd8ae96d1ba087339e5d2efad13ce
- Cited by
- 417
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 20
- FWCI
- 3.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Tulane University
- National Institutes of Health
- School of Medicine, Duke University
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K08HL091108)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- low-carbohydrate diet, low-fat diet, metabolic risk factors, weight loss, obesity, cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, waist circumference, dietary fat restriction
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, Body Weight, Cholesterol, Female, Humans, Insulin, Cholesterol, HDL, Cholesterol, LDL, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Triglycerides, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Diet, Fat-Restricted, Metabolic Syndrome, Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted, Waist Circumference, Young Adult
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