Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates

Sacks, Frank M.; Bray, George A.; Carey, Vincent J.; Smith, Steven R.; Ryan, Donna H.; Anton, Stephen D.; McManus, Katherine; Champagne, Catherine M.; Bishop, Louise M.; Laranjo, Nancy; Leboff, Meryl S.; Rood, Jennifer C.; de Jonge, Lilian; Greenway, Frank L.; Loria, Catherine M.; Obarzanek, Eva; Williamson, Donald A.

doi:10.1056/nejmoa0804748

Cited by 1,972Diet and metabolism studiesDietary Effects on HealthNutritional Studies and Diet

Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates

Open access

Sacks, Frank M., Bray, George A., Carey, Vincent J., Smith, Steven R., Ryan, Donna H., Anton, Stephen D., McManus, Katherine, Champagne, Catherine M. +9 more·2009·New England Journal of Medicine

DOI 10.1056/nejmoa0804748PMC PMC2763382

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The possible advantage for weight loss of a diet that emphasizes protein, fat, or carbohydrates has not been established, and there are few studies that extend beyond 1 year. METHODS: We randomly assigned 811 overweight adults to one of four diets; the targeted percentages of energy derived from fat, protein, and carbohydrates in the four diets were 20, 15, and 65%; 20, 25, and 55%; 40, 15, and 45%; and 40, 25, and 35%. The diets consisted of similar foods and met guidelines for cardiovascular health. The participants were offered group and individual instructional sessions for 2 years. The primary outcome was the change in body weight after 2 years in two-by-two factorial comparisons of low fat versus high fat and average protein versus high protein and in the comparison of highest and lowest carbohydrate content. RESULTS: At 6 months, participants assigned to each diet had lost an average of 6 kg, which represented 7% of their initial weight; they began to regain weight after 12 months. By 2 years, weight loss remained similar in those who were assigned to a diet with 15% protein and those assigned to a diet with 25% protein (3.0 and 3.6 kg, respectively); in those assigned to a diet with 20% fat and those assigned to a diet with 40% fat (3.3 kg for both groups); and in those assigned to a diet with 65% carbohydrates and those assigned to a diet with 35% carbohydrates (2.9 and 3.4 kg, respectively) (P>0.20 for all comparisons). Among the 80% of participants who completed the trial, the average weight loss was 4 kg; 14 to 15% of the participants had a reduction of at least 10% of their initial body weight. Satiety, hunger, satisfaction with the diet, and attendance at group sessions were similar for all diets; attendance was strongly associated with weight loss (0.2 kg per session attended). The diets improved lipid-related risk factors and fasting insulin levels. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced-calorie diets result in clinically meaningful weight loss regardless of which macronutrients they emphasize. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00072995.)

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1056/nejmoa0804748

Cites

45 of 45 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

23 of 62 cited sources checked · 11 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

Premisecitation
Low-carbohydrate diet trials have reported very low urinary ketosis after six months, suggesting that sustaining low carbohydrate intake is futile for most overweight people.
“In addition, trials of low-carbohydrate diets have reported a very low incidence of urinary ketosis after 6 months,6,8,12 suggesting that in most overweight people, it is futile to sustain a low intake of carbohydrates.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
- cites [6] source
- cites [8] source
- cites [12] source
  The Dietary Intake, Energy Expenditure, and Urinary Ketones section reports low detectable urinary ketones at 24 months (8.3% in the low-carbohydrate group), not at six months. Contrary to the claimed futility of sustaining low carbohydrate intake, it reports lower carbohydrate intake in that group, and the Discussion describes the diet as an effective alternative after two years. (LLM, conf=0.84)
  Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Premisecitation
Short-term trials comparing low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets with conventional high-carbohydrate, low-fat diets have yielded inconsistent results.
“Several trials showed that low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets resulted in more weight loss over the course of 3 to 6 months than conventional high-carbohydrate, low-fat diets,4–12 but other studies did not show this effect.13–17”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 10 sources checked
- cites [4] source
- cites [5] source
- cites [6] source
- cites [7] source
- cites [8] source
- cites [9] source
- cites [10] source
- cites [11] source
- cites [12] source
  The Weight Loss section reports that weight loss was greatest during months 1–6 and was greater in the low-carbohydrate group than in the low-fat group. This supports one outcome described in the citing sentence, but this paper does not establish that short-term trials yielded inconsistent results or that its own trial failed to show the effect. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- cites [13] source
Premisecitation
Trials with one-year follow-up have not shown low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets to be superior to high-carbohydrate, low-fat diets.
“A smaller group of studies that extended the follow-up to 1 year did not show that low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets were superior to high-carbohydrate, low-fat diets.6,10,16,18–21”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 7 sources checked
- cites [6] source
- cites [10] source
- cites [16] source
- cites [18] source
- cites [19] source
- cites [20] source
- cites [21] source
Premisecitation
At six months, the mean differences among diet groups in fat, carbohydrate, or protein intake were often larger than those in several earlier weight-loss trials.
“The mean differences among the groups in fat, carbohydrate, or protein intake at 6 months were nevertheless often greater than those in several previous trials comparing diets for weight loss.11,12,19,21,26”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 5 sources checked
- cites [11] source
- cites [12] source
  Table 2 reports six-month differences among the diet groups in fat, carbohydrate, and protein intake. The Dietary Intake section also describes these differences, but our copy does not establish that they were often greater than those in several previous weight-loss trials. (LLM, conf=0.84)
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- cites [19] source
- cites [21] source
- cites [26] source
Findingown data
The trial did not confirm earlier findings that low-carbohydrate or high-protein diets caused greater weight loss at six months and that this advantage eroded by twelve months.
“We did not confirm previous findings that low-carbohydrate or high-protein diets caused increased weight loss at 6 months3–12 and that the advantage of these diets usually eroded by 12 months, with weight loss that was nearly or fully equivalent to that with low-fat diets6,11,18 or other diets.12”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim4 of 10 sources checked
- cites [3] source
  The Weight Loss and Body Composition sections say that reduced-calorie diets produce weight loss and that macronutrient composition does not seem to play a major role. Our copy does not report the attributed comparison—greater loss on low-carbohydrate or high-protein diets at six months followed by convergence at twelve months. Searches for those time points and comparative findings found no passage addressing them. (LLM, conf=0.74)
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- cites [4] source
- cites [5] source
- cites [6] source
- cites [7] source
  The Weight Loss section reports significantly greater weight loss with the low-carbohydrate diet than with the low-fat diet at six months. The paper studied only six months and says it is unclear whether the benefits extend beyond that point; it cannot support the claim that the weight-loss advantage eroded by twelve months. (LLM, conf=0.90)
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- cites [8] source
- cites [9] source
  The Introduction reports earlier studies finding greater weight loss with very-low-carbohydrate diets after three and six months. But the Methods (Experimental Approach; no page given) say this trial tested diets for only 30 days in women and 50 days in men; it could not establish whether a six-month advantage eroded by twelve months. The citing authors’ statement that they did not confirm earlier findings is their own conclusion, not a finding of this trial. (LLM, conf=0.86)
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- cites [10] source
- cites [11] source
- cites [12] source
  The Weight Loss section reports greater weight loss with the low-carbohydrate diet than with the low-fat diet, consistent with an early advantage. It does not establish that this advantage eroded to near-equivalence by 12 months; it reports greater low-carbohydrate weight loss at 24 months. The citing authors’ statement that they ‘did not confirm’ earlier findings describes their own trial, not Shai et al.’s. (LLM, conf=0.84)
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Premisecitation
Several recent trials have shown that continued contact with participants after weight loss is associated with less regain.
“Several recent trials have also shown that continued contact with participants after weight loss is associated with less regain.12,24,37,38”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 4 sources checked
- cites [12] source
  The Eligibility and Study Design section describes dietitian-led sessions continuing throughout the two-year trial. The Weight Loss and Discussion sections report an initial weight-loss phase followed by partial regain, but they do not compare regain by amount of contact or establish that continued contact was associated with less regain. (LLM, conf=0.82)
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- cites [24] source
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- cites [37] source
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- cites [38] source
Findingown data
All diets reduced risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes at six months and two years.
“All the diets reduced risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes at 6 months and 2 years (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Findingown data
At two years, weight loss did not differ significantly between the 20% fat and 40% fat diets (3.3 kg in both; P=0.94).
“Weight loss was the same in those assigned to a diet with 40% fat and those assigned to a diet with 20% fat (3.3 kg, P=0.94) and was similar among those who completed each of those diets (3.9 and 4.1 kg, respectively; P = 0.76).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
After twelve months, participants in all diet groups began to regain weight.
“After 12 months, all groups, on average, slowly regained body weight.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Findingown data
Attendance at group sessions was associated with adherence to fat and protein goals only in the high-protein and low-fat groups.
“Attendance at group sessions was associated with adherence to the fat and protein goals only in the high-protein and low-fat groups (Fig. 4).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Findingown data
Craving, fullness, hunger, and diet-satisfaction scores were similar among diets at six months and two years.
“Craving, fullness, and hunger and diet-satisfaction scores were similar at 6 months and at 2 years among the diets (Table 2 in the Supplementary Appendix).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Findingown data
Attendance at group sessions was strongly associated with weight loss, with about 0.2 kg lost per session attended.
“Attendance at group sessions strongly predicted weight loss at 2 years (0.2 kg for every session attended) and was similar among the diet groups (P = 0.22 for a test of difference in slopes) (Fig. 3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Findingown data
Reported energy intake and physical activity were similar among the diet groups.
“Reported energy intakes and physical activity were similar among the diet groups.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Findingown data
At two years, weight loss did not differ significantly between the 15% protein and 25% protein diets (3.0 vs. 3.6 kg; P=0.22).
“The amount of weight loss after 2 years was similar in participants assigned to a diet with 25% protein and those assigned to a diet with 15% protein (3.6 and 3.0 kg, respectively; P = 0.22) and among those who completed each of those diets (4.5 and 3.6 kg, respectively; P=0.11) (Fig. 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
All diets lowered triglyceride levels similarly, by 12% to 17%.
“All the diets decreased triglyceride levels similarly, by 12 to 17%.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Findingown data
Mean reported macronutrient intakes at six months and two years did not reach the assigned target levels.
“Mean reported intakes at 6 months and 2 years did not reach the target levels for macronutrients (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Findingown data
Change in waist circumference did not differ significantly among the diet groups.
“The change in waist circumference did not differ significantly among the diet groups (Fig. 1 and 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Findingown data
Carbohydrate level across the 35% to 65% target range had no effect on weight loss.
“There was no effect on weight loss of carbohydrate level through the target range of 35 to 65% (Fig. 1 and 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
The lowest-carbohydrate diet raised HDL cholesterol more than the highest-carbohydrate diet (9% vs. 6%; P=0.02).
“The lowest-carbohydrate diet increased HDL cholesterol levels more than the highest-carbohydrate diet (9% vs. 6%, P = 0.02).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Findingown data
At two years, the two low-fat diets and the highest-carbohydrate diet lowered LDL cholesterol more than the high-fat diets or the lowest-carbohydrate diet.
“At 2 years, the two low-fat diets and the highest-carbohydrate diet decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels more than did the high-fat diets or the lowest-carbohydrate diet (low-fat vs. high-fat, 5% vs. 1% [P = 0.001]; highest-carbohydrate vs. lowest-carbohydrate, 6% vs. 1% [P = 0.01]).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Findingown data
Despite intensive behavioral counseling, participants had difficulty reaching their assigned macronutrient intake goals.
“Despite the intensive behavioral counseling in our study, participants had difficulty achieving the goals for macronutrient intake of their assigned group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
At six months, participants in each diet group had lost an average of 6 kg, about 7% of initial weight.
“At 6 months, participants assigned to each diet had lost an average of 6 kg, which represented 7% of their initial weight; they began to regain weight after 12 months.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
Participants who attended two thirds of the sessions over two years lost about 9 kg.
“Study participants who attended two thirds of the sessions over the course of 2 years lost about 9 kg of weight.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Findingcitation
Regain after six to twelve months was about 20% of the regain reported in earlier trials.
“Regain after 6 to 12 months was about 20% of the regain reported in earlier trials.28”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [28] source
Interpretationown data
Completers' mean weight loss of 6.5 kg at six months corresponds to about 225 kcal per day less energy intake.
“The participants who completed the study had a mean weight loss of 6.5 kg at 6 months, which corresponds to a reduction in daily energy intake of approximately 225 kcal.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Study design and conductown data
The study had power to detect a 1.67-kg weight-loss effect of protein or fat level over two years, assuming a 40% withdrawal rate.
“The study was powered to detect a 1.67-kg weight loss as an effect of the level of protein or fat in the diet over the 2-year period, assuming a withdrawal rate of 40%.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Interpretationreasoning
The findings point to behavioral factors rather than macronutrient metabolism as the main influences on weight loss.
“These findings together point to behavioral factors rather than macronutrient metabolism as the main influences on weight loss.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Interpretationown data
Reduced-calorie diets produce clinically meaningful weight loss regardless of which macronutrients they emphasize.
“Reduced-calorie diets result in clinically meaningful weight loss regardless of which macronutrients they emphasize.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Interpretationreasoning
Divergent results across studies suggest that any type of diet, when taught for weight loss with enthusiasm and persistence, can be effective.
“These divergent results suggest that any type of diet, when taught for the purpose of weight loss with enthusiasm and persistence, can be effective.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Study design and conductreasoning
The post hoc analyses of achieved nutrient intakes do not have the strong validity of the main randomized-group analysis.
“We caution that these post hoc analyses do not have the strong validity of the main analysis of this controlled trial, which compared randomized groups.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Interpretationcitation
When nonnutritional influences are minimized, the specific macronutrient content of a diet is of minor importance for weight loss.
“When nonnutritional influences are minimized, as they were in our study, the specific macronutrient content is of minor importance, as was suggested many years ago.39”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [39] source
- Rests on an assumption: Nonnutritional factors such as cultural norms, scientific novelty, and media attention can influence the success of a specific diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The novelty of a diet, media attention, and researcher enthusiasm can affect how well participants adhere to any diet.

May combine two claims. 28
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 7

May combine two claims.
Premisecitation
Whether emphasizing protein, fat, or carbohydrates in the diet gives a weight-loss advantage has not been settled, and few trials have followed participants for more than one year.
“The possible advantage for weight loss of a diet that emphasizes protein, fat, or carbohydrates has not been established, and there are few studies that extend beyond 1 year.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
- cites [1] source
- cites [2] source
- cites [3] source
  The Body Composition and Summary and Recommendations sections say that macronutrient composition does not seem to play a major role in weight loss and that its effect on long-term maintenance remains unclear, supporting the lack of an established advantage. Evidence-Based Guidelines identifies limited study duration as a problem, but the copy does not say that few studies extend beyond one year. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation
Diets that successfully cause weight loss can emphasize a range of fat, protein, and carbohydrate compositions that also improve cardiovascular and diabetes risk factors.
“In conclusion, diets that are successful in causing weight loss can emphasize a range of fat, protein, and carbohydrate compositions that have beneficial effects on risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes.29,40”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
- cites [29] source
  The section “Balance Calorie Intake and Physical Activity to Achieve or Maintain a Healthy Body Weight” (page unavailable) says macronutrient composition has little effect on energy balance unless it changes total energy intake or expenditure. The paper also links healthy weight and diet to cardiovascular risk, but it does not establish that weight-loss diets across a range of fat, protein, and carbohydrate compositions all improve both cardiovascular and diabetes risk factors. (LLM, conf=0.84)
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- cites [40] source
  The Introduction (page unavailable) describes diets with varied macronutrient compositions that have shown reduced cardiovascular risk factors or short-term weight loss. The Discussion, under “Implications for practice” (page unavailable), reports cardiovascular benefits from OmniHeart diets in participants who did not lose weight. The paper therefore supports the potential benefits of different compositions, but does not establish that a range of weight-loss diets also improves both cardiovascular and diabetes risk factors. (LLM, conf=0.84)
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitation
Blinding was maintained by using similar foods for each diet, and investigators and staff who measured outcomes did not know participants' diet assignments.
“Blinding was maintained by the use of similar foods for each diet. Staff and participants were taught that each diet adhered to principles of a healthful diet29 and that each had been recommended for long-term weight loss, thereby establishing equipoise.1,2,26 Investigators and staff who measured outcomes were unaware of the diet assignment of the participants.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 4 sources checked
- cites [29] source
- cites [1] source
- cites [2] source
- cites [26] source
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitation
The study was a randomized clinical trial comparing energy-reduced diets that differed in macronutrient targets while otherwise following cardiovascular health recommendations.
“We designed a randomized clinical trial to compare the effects on body weight of energy-reduced diets that differed in their targets for intake of macronutrients — low or high in fat, average or high in protein, or low or high in carbohydrates — and otherwise followed recommendations for cardiovascular health.29”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
- cites [29] source
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation
Only two trials have reported dietary intake beyond one year, and one of them provided food to participants.
“Only two trials have reported dietary intake beyond 1 year,12,26 and one of them provided foods to the participants.12”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
- cites [12] source
- cites [26] source
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation
Other studies have shown greater weight loss at one to two years with diets high in unsaturated fat or with low-fat, high-carbohydrate vegetarian diets.
“Other studies showed increased weight loss at 1 to 2 years with diets that were high in unsaturated fat12,21,26 or with low-fat, high-carbohydrate vegetarian diets.22,24”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 5 sources checked
- cites [12] source
- cites [21] source
  The Abstract reports weight loss after 52 weeks in the high-monounsaturated-fat group, but explicitly finds no diet effect: weight loss was not significantly greater than with the high-protein diet. The study provides one-year results, not two-year results. The vegetarian-diet clause is attached to other citations, not this source. (LLM, conf=0.85)
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- cites [26] source
- cites [22] source
- cites [24] source
May combine two claims.
Findingown data
Blood pressure fell by 1 to 2 mm Hg from baseline, with no significant differences among diet groups.
“Blood pressure decreased from baseline by 1 to 2 mm Hg, with no significant differences among the groups (P>0.59 for all comparisons).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
May combine two claims.
Findingown data
Among completers, average weight loss was 4 kg, and 14% to 15% lost at least 10% of initial body weight.
“Among the 80% of participants who completed the trial, the average weight loss was 4 kg; 14 to 15% of the participants had a reduction of at least 10% of their initial body weight.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
May combine two claims.
Findingown data
Satiety, hunger, diet satisfaction, and attendance at group sessions were similar across all diets.
“Satiety, hunger, satisfaction with the diet, and attendance at group sessions were similar for all diets;”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
May combine two claims.
Findingown data
The metabolic syndrome was present in 32% of participants at baseline and was lower at two years, ranging from 19% to 22% across diet groups.
“The metabolic syndrome35 was present in 32% of the participants at baseline, and the percentage was lower at 2 years, ranging from 19 to 22% in the four diet groups (P = 0.81 for the four-way comparison).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [35]
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Findingown data
Adherence to the protein goal was associated with more weight loss only in high-protein groups, and adherence to the fat goal only in low-fat groups.
“Adherence to the goal for protein intake was associated with more weight loss only in the high-protein groups, and adherence to the goal for fat intake was associated with more weight loss only in the low-fat groups (P<0.001) (Fig. 4).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
May combine two claims.
Findingnone given
The diets improved lipid-related risk factors and fasting insulin levels.
“The diets improved lipid-related risk factors and fasting insulin levels.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
May combine two claims.
Findingown data
Serious adverse events occurred in 57 participants (7%), with no significant differences among diets.
“Serious adverse events were reported by 57 participants (7%); there were no significant differences in the rates among diets.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
May combine two claims.
Findingown data
All diets except the highest-carbohydrate diet lowered fasting serum insulin by 6% to 12%, with a larger decrease in the high-protein than average-protein diet (10% vs. 4%; P=0.07).
“All the diets except the one with the highest carbohydrate content decreased fasting serum insulin levels by 6 to 12%; the decrease was larger with the high-protein diet than with the average-protein diet (10% vs. 4%, P = 0.07).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
May combine two claims.
Findingown data
Participants were eager to lose weight and to try their assigned diet, and they performed well on motivation screening.
“The participants were eager to lose weight and to attempt whatever type of diet they were assigned, and they did well in screening interviews and questionnaires that evaluated their motivation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation
Many weight-loss trials are limited by small samples, few men, limited generalizability, unblinded outcome assessment, missing adherence data, and high dropout.
“Small samples, underrepresentation of men, limited generalizability, a lack of blinded ascertainment of the outcome, a lack of data on adherence to assigned diets, and a large loss to follow-up limit the interpretation of many weight-loss trials.27”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [27] source
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation
Weight loss usually peaks between six and twelve months after starting a diet and is then followed by gradual regain.
“We studied weight change over the course of 2 years, since weight loss typically is greatest 6 to 12 months after initiation of the diet, with steady regain of weight subsequently.28”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [28] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationnone given
The authors view attendance at counseling sessions as a proxy for commitment to weight loss and engagement in the program.
“We view attendance at counseling sessions as a proxy for commitment to achieving weight loss and for engagement in the program.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown data
Random assignment to the four diet groups was generated by the coordinating center data manager after eligibility was confirmed.
“Random assignments to one of four diet groups were generated by the data manager at the coordinating center on request of a study dietitian, after eligibility of a participant was confirmed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown data
Of 1638 screened participants, 811 were randomized and 645 completed the two-year study.
“Of 1638 participants who were screened, 811 (50%) were randomly assigned to a diet, and 645 (80% of those assigned) completed the study (i.e., provided a body-weight measurement at 2 years) (Fig. 1 in the Supplementary Appendix).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone given
The study had a large sample, a high retention rate, and sensitivity to detect small weight changes.
“The study had a large sample, a high rate of retention, and the sensitivity to detect small changes in weight.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning
The findings should be directly applicable to clinicians' weight-loss recommendations for individual patients and to public health recommendations for populations.
“Thus, the findings should be directly applicable to both clinicians’ recommendations for weight loss in individual patients and the development of population-wide recommendations by public health officials.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone given
The study population was diverse in age, income, and geography and included a large proportion of men.
“The population was diverse with respect to age, income, and geography and included a large percentage of men.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown data
The diets improved lipid risk factors and fasting insulin in the directions expected from their macronutrient content.
“The diets improved lipid risk factors and fasting insulin levels in the directions that would be expected on the basis of macronutrient content.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitation
The primary analysis was intention-to-treat, with weight and waist circumference for early withdrawals imputed using monthly regain rates.
“We performed an intention-to-treat analysis in which long-term weight loss for persons who withdrew from the study early (after at least 6 months of participation) was imputed on the basis of a rate of 0.3 kg per month of regained weight34 and a rate of 0.3 cm per month of regained waist circumference after withdrawal (see Methods in the Supplementary Appendix).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [34] source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown data
Biomarker changes confirmed that group differences in macronutrient intake matched dietary reports and that participants moved toward their assigned goals, though not fully.
“Thus, changes in biomarkers confirmed that differences among the groups in macronutrient intake were consistent with those recorded in the dietary reports and that participants modified their intake of macronutrients in the direction of the goals, although the targets were not fully achieved.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning
The adherence findings suggest that participants in weight-loss programs return to their usual macronutrient intakes over time but may still maintain weight loss.
“Overall, these findings with respect to adherence to macronutrient goals suggest that participants in weight-loss programs revert to their customary macronutrient intakes over time but may nonetheless be able to maintain weight loss.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown data
The study was approved by institutional human subjects committees and an NHLBI-appointed data and safety monitoring board, and all participants gave written informed consent.
“The study was approved by the human subjects committee at each institution and by a data and safety monitoring board appointed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. All participants gave written informed consent.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown data
Baseline characteristics were similar across the four diet groups and between assigned and completing participants.
“Baseline characteristics were similar among participants assigned to the four diets and between those who were assigned to a diet and those who completed the study (Table 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductreasoning
A generic approach was used to develop each diet and its instructions in order to minimize nonbiologic influences.
“We used a generic approach to developing each diet and the instructions for following it, in order to minimize such influences.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone given
No diet was treated as a control, and dietary counseling and attention were the same for all diet groups throughout the study.
“No diet was considered to be a control diet, and the dietary counseling and the attention that we provided were the same for all diet groups throughout the study period.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

31 of 31

The paper relies on this without support.
Nonnutritional factors such as cultural norms, scientific novelty, and media attention can influence the success of a specific diet.
“Conformity to cultural norms, scientific novelty, and media attention are nonbiologic reasons for the success of specific diets.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The novelty of a diet, media attention, and researcher enthusiasm can affect how well participants adhere to any diet.
“The novelty of the diet, media attention, and the enthusiasm of the researchers could affect the adherence of participants to any type of diet.”

2 of 2

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Various dietary patterns have been used with success, with adherence to counseling visits and the selected diet often being the important factors in determining outcomes.
“Various dietary patterns have been used with success, with adherence to counseling visits and the selected diet often being the important factors in determining outcomes [101].”
From Nutritional priorities to support <scp>GLP</scp> ‐1 therapy for obesity: A joint Advisory from the American College of Lifestyle Medicine, the American Society for Nutrition, the Obesity Medicine Association, and The Obesity Society (2025) · cites this paper as [101]
Two recent large-scale clinical trials of 2-yr duration did not find differences in effects on triglyceride levels between low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets and low-carbohydrate diets.
“Two recent largescale clinical trials of 2-yr duration did not find differences in effects on triglyceride levels between low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets and low-carbohydrate diets (162,163).”
From Evaluation and Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline (2012) · cites this paper as [163]
Better weight-loss treatment and maintenance can improve several obesity-related CHD risk factors and help lower the prevalence of the second most preventable cause of death.
“Improving weight loss treatment and maintenance can improve several of the obesity-related risk factors for CHD (e.g., insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes) and help reduce the prevalence of the second most preventable cause of death today [5–7].”
From SMART trial: A randomized clinical trial of self-monitoring in behavioral weight management-design and baseline findings (2009) · cites this paper as [7]
The more closely people follow dietary plans, the better their outcomes.
“This is consistent with the current literature, which shows that the more closely people follow dietary plans, the better their outcomes [71].”
From A Systematic Review of the Impact of Adherence on the Effectiveness of e-Therapies (2011) · cites this paper as [71]
Trials of weight loss usually recruit people who are obese or overweight and aim for large short-term loss with special diets, so their results may not apply to nonobese groups or to gradual long-term gain.
“Weight-loss trials1–3 have typically enrolled obese or overweight persons who attempted substantial short-term weight loss on specialized diets, thus limiting the generalizability of the findings to nonobese populations and to the factors that determine long-term, gradual weight gain.”
From Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men (2011) · cites this paper as [3]

In those studies, weight-loss success was attributed to the best adherence to behavioral and dietary recommendations.
“weight loss success was attributed to the best adherence to behavior and dietary recommendations.193–195”
From Interventions to Promote Physical Activity and Dietary Lifestyle Changes for Cardiovascular Risk Factor Reduction in Adults: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2010) · cites this paper as [195]
AOMs, especially GLP-1 RAs and GLP1/GIP RAs, decrease caloric intake by 16-39% and can expose patients to insufficient or inadequate intake of macro- and/or micronutrients.
“AOMs, especially GLP-1 RAs and GLP1/GIP RAs, decrease caloric intake by 16–39% [73] and can expose patients to insufficient or inadequate intake of macro- and/or micronutrients”
From Nutrition and Physical Activity in Optimizing Weight Loss and Lean Mass Preservation in the Incretin-Based Medications Era: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [73]
In an extensive study involving 811 patients, after 2 years there was no difference in weight loss among four dietary patterns; low-fat and highest-carbohydrate diets decreased LDL cholesterol more than the other two; the lowest-carbohydrate diet increased HDL cholesterol more than the highest-carbohydrate diet.
“An extensive study involving 811 patients examined the WL and metabolic benefits of four dietary patterns, which vary in their proportions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates, in individuals with overweight or obesity after 2 years. Although there was no difference in WL among the four groups, the low-fat and highest-carbohydrate diets decreased LDL cholesterol levels more than the other two. In”
From Nutrition and Physical Activity in Optimizing Weight Loss and Lean Mass Preservation in the Incretin-Based Medications Era: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [73]
An unbalanced nutritional intake accompanied by a calorie deficit can lead to macro/micronutrient deficiencies and loss of lean mass.
“an unbalanced nutritional intake accompanied by a calorie deficit can lead to macro/micronutrient deficiencies and loss of LM [59,63,73,152].”
From Nutrition and Physical Activity in Optimizing Weight Loss and Lean Mass Preservation in the Incretin-Based Medications Era: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [73]
Adherence to counseling visits and the selected diet are often important factors in determining outcomes of various dietary patterns used for weight reduction.
“Various dietary patterns have been used with success, with adherence to counseling visits and the selected diet often being the important factors in determining outcomes [95].”
From Nutritional priorities to support GLP-1 therapy for obesity: A joint advisory from the American College of Lifestyle Medicine, the American Society for Nutrition, the Obesity Medicine Association, and the Obesity Society (2025) · cites this paper as [95]
Variation of macronutrient composition has little effect on 1- to 2-year weight loss but may improve some health conditions such as type 2 diabetes.
“Variation of macronutrient composition (e.g., carbohydrate, protein) has little effect on 1- to 2-year weight loss but may improve some health conditions (type 2 diabetes) [27, 28].”
From The Role of Lifestyle Modification with Second-Generation Anti-obesity Medications: Comparisons, Questions, and Clinical Opportunities (2023) · cites this paper as [28]
In Pounds Lost, participants reported little difference in macronutrient intakes at 2 years and biomeasures of adherence showed little differentiation between dietary groups.
“In the Pounds Lost (Preventing Obesity Using Novel Dietary Strategies) study (155), participants reported little difference in macronutrient intakes at 2 y and biomeasures of adherence (serum triglycerides, urinary nitrogen excretion) showed little differentiation between dietary groups.”
From The carbohydrate-insulin model: A physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [155]
The few prior trials either did not test a typical low-carbohydrate diet or enrolled severely obese participants, most with type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome.
“The few that have either did not assess a typical low-carbohydrate diet or included severely obese participants, most of whom had type 2 diabetes or the metabolic syndrome (4–6).”
From Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets: A Randomized Trial (2014) · cites this paper as [6]
Typical low-carbohydrate diets for weight loss restrict carbohydrate to less than 20% of daily energy intake.
“Typical low-carbohydrate diets for weight loss restrict carbohydrate to less than 20% of daily energy intake (6).”
From Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets: A Randomized Trial (2014) · cites this paper as [6]
Few randomized controlled trials have studied carbohydrate restriction's effects on cardiovascular risk factors in a diverse population with many black persons.
“Few randomized, controlled trials thus far have examined the effects of carbohydrate restriction on CVD risk factors in a diverse population with a significant proportion of black persons.”
From Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets: A Randomized Trial (2014) · cites this paper as [6]
The POUNDS LOST study included a substantial number of black persons but did not test a typical low-carbohydrate diet.
“The POUNDS LOST (Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies) study, which examined the effects of 4 diets with different macronutrient compositions, included a substantial number of black persons but did not test a typical low-carbohydrate diet.”
From Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets: A Randomized Trial (2014) · cites this paper as [6]
Various dietary patterns have been used with success, with adherence to counseling visits and the selected diet often being the important factors in determining outcomes.
“Various dietary patterns have been used with success, with adherence to counseling visits and the selected diet often being the important factors in determining outcomes [101].”
From Nutritional priorities to support GLP-1 therapy for obesity: a joint Advisory from the American College of Lifestyle Medicine, the American Society for Nutrition, the Obesity Medicine Association, and The Obesity Society (2025) · cites this paper as [101]
As a share of personal disposable income, average total food expenditures by families and individuals decreased from 22.3% in 1949 to 11.3% in 2011.
“average (mean) total food expenditures by families and individuals have decreased from 22.3% (1949) to 18.1% (1961) to 14.9% (1981) to 11.3% (2011).”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [111]
The proportion of sales of meals and snacks from fast-food restaurants compared with total meals and snacks away from home increased from 5% in 1958 to 29% in 1982 to 36% in 2011.
“The proportion of sales of meals and snacks from fast-food restaurants compared with total meals and snacks away from home increased from 5% in 1958 to 29% in 1982 to 36% in 2011.111”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [111]
Prices for foods eaten at home increased 4.8% in 2011, while prices for foods eaten away from home increased 1.9%.
“Prices for foods eaten at home increased 4.8% in 2011, whereas prices for foods eaten away from home increased by 1.9%.111”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [111]
For any given year, the share of disposable income spent on food is inversely proportional to absolute income.
“For any given year, the share of disposable income spent on food is inversely proportional to absolute income.”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [111]
Average price per portion of fruits and vegetables was 31 cents with 57 calories per portion, compared with 33 cents and 183 calories per portion for snack foods.
“Average price per portion of fruits and vegetables was 31 cents with an average of 57 calories per portion, compared with 33 cents and 183 calories per portion for snack foods.111”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [111]
The Consumer Price Index for food increased 3.7% in 2011.
“The Consumer Price Index for food increased 3.7% in 2011.”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [111]
When randomized controlled trials of weight loss used equal-intensity interventions in each diet arm, the mix of macronutrients had little independent influence on weight loss.
“However, RCTs designed to investigate weight loss and having equal-intensity interventions in each dietary arm have demonstrated that macronutrient composition has little independent effect on weight loss.169–172”
From Components of a Cardioprotective Diet: New Insights (2011) · cites this paper as [172]
For any weight loss diet, regardless of macronutrient mix, adherence was the strongest predictor of success.
“Adherence to any weight loss diet, regardless of its macronutrient composition, was the best determinant of success.169–172”
From Components of a Cardioprotective Diet: New Insights (2011) · cites this paper as [172]
Including specific proteins such as gelatin or alpha-lactalbumin did not improve the effect on weight management despite their high satiating capacities.
“In further studies it was assessed whether including specific proteins, such as gelatin or alphalactalbumin, may improve the effect described above, due to their high satiating capacities (see below).However, this was not the case (23 -25) .”
From Dietary protein: its role in satiety, energetics, weight loss and health. (2012) · cites this paper as [23]
After rejecting such a diet, animals forage for a better essential amino acid source and develop conditioned aversions to cues associated with the deficient diet.
“After rejection of such a diet animals begin foraging for a better dietary essential amino acid source and develop conditioned aversions to cues associated with the deficient diet (23,24) .”
From Dietary protein: its role in satiety, energetics, weight loss and health. (2012) · cites this paper as [23]
Gelatin is considered an incomplete protein because it lacks tryptophan and contains relatively low amounts of other essential amino acids.
“Gelatin is considered as an incomplete protein because it is lacking tryptophan (TRP) and contains relatively low amounts of the other dietary essential amino acids (i.e.histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, and valine).”
From Dietary protein: its role in satiety, energetics, weight loss and health. (2012) · cites this paper as [23]
Animals reject diets that lead to depletion or deficiency of dietary essential amino acids.
“It has been shown that animals reject diets that lead to depletion or deficiency of dietary essential amino acids (the 'indispensable amino acid deficiency' theory).”
From Dietary protein: its role in satiety, energetics, weight loss and health. (2012) · cites this paper as [23]
Signals from the anterior piriform cortex project to other brain areas that control food intake.
“From this area signals are projected to other brain areas that are associated with the control of food intake (23,24) .”
From Dietary protein: its role in satiety, energetics, weight loss and health. (2012) · cites this paper as [23]
A chemosensor for dietary essential amino acid deficiency is located in the anterior piriform cortex.
“A chemosensor for dietary essential amino acid deficiency has been found in the anterior piriform cortex (23,24) .”
From Dietary protein: its role in satiety, energetics, weight loss and health. (2012) · cites this paper as [23]
The intervention was reported to have adequate effectiveness after 1 year of follow-up.
“We have reported an adequate effectiveness of the intervention after 1 year of follow-up.28”
From Cohort Profile: Design and methods of the PREDIMED study (2012) · cites this paper as [28]
Previous studies have focused on comparing low-carbohydrate to low-fat eating patterns.
“Instead, previous studies have focused on comparing low-carb to low-fat eating patterns (3–10).”
From Effect of a ketogenic diet versus Mediterranean diet on glycated hemoglobin in individuals with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Interventional Keto-Med Randomized Crossover Trial. (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
Low-fat patterns generally target total fat intake between 20% and 30% of kilocalories alongside other healthy dietary guidelines.
“Low-fat patterns generally target total fat intake between 20% and 30% of kilocalories alongside other healthy dietary guidelines.20,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]”
From Popular dietary patterns: alignment with American Heart Association 2021 dietary guidance: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. (2023) · cites this paper as [36]
Low-carbohydrate patterns generally refer to patterns with total carbohydrate targets between 20% and 40% of kilocalories.
“Low-carbohydrate patterns generally refer to patterns with total carbohydrate targets between 20% and 40% of kilocalaroies.20,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]”
From Popular dietary patterns: alignment with American Heart Association 2021 dietary guidance: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. (2023) · cites this paper as [36]
For those following low-carbohydrate diets, meats and animal-sourced foods tend to be overemphasized, leading to inappropriate restriction of fiber and increased saturated fat intake.
“For those following lowcarbohydrate diets, meats and animal-sourced foods tend to be overemphasized, leading to inappropriate restriction of fiber and increased saturated fat intake.29,35,36,42,43”
From Popular dietary patterns: alignment with American Heart Association 2021 dietary guidance: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. (2023) · cites this paper as [36]
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of RCTs found carbohydrate-restricted eating patterns, particularly low carbohydrate (<26% total energy), were effective in reducing A1C in the short term (<6 months), with less difference in eating patterns beyond 1 year.
“Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of RCTs found carbohydrate-restricted eating patterns, particularly those considered low carbohydrate (<26% total energy), were effective in reducing A1C in the short term (<6 months), with less difference in eating patterns beyond 1 year (125,126,137,138,164).”
From 5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes:Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023 (2023) · cites this paper as [126]
The study confirmed the problem of weight regain despite ongoing counseling for weight-loss maintenance.
“The study also confirmed the problem of weight regain despite ongoing counseling for weight-loss maintenance.34”
From A Two-Year Randomized Trial of Obesity Treatment in Primary Care Practice (2011) · cites this paper as [34]
Bonow and Eckel concluded that low-CHO diets produced a more robust triglyceride-lowering effect than low-fat diets despite a similar magnitude of weight loss after 1 year.
“Bonow and Eckel 434 concluded that low-CHO diets produced a more robust triglyceride-lowering effect than low-fat diets despite a similar magnitude of weight loss after 1 year.”
From Triglycerides and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2011) · cites this paper as [434]

A short questionnaire for the measurement of habitual physical activity in epidemiological studies
Baecke, J. A. H., BUREMA, J., & Frijters, J. E. R. (1982) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/36.5.936 · Cited by 3,950 · see citing works
Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials
Mensink, R. P., Zock, P. L., Kester, A. D., & Katan, M. B. (2003) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/77.5.1146 · Cited by 2,811 · see citing works
Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations Revision 2006: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee
Lichtenstein, A. H., Appel, L. J., Brands, M., Carnethon, M., Daniels, S., Franch, H. A., Franklin, B., Kris-Etherton, P., Harris, W. S., Howard, B., et al. (2006) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.176158 · Cited by 2,705 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Former smoker 84 (41) 59 ( 29 ) 80 (39) 75 (37) 298 (37) 241 (37)”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Reproducibility, power and validity of visual analogue scales in assessment of appetite sensations in single test meal studies
Flint, A., Raben, A., Blundell, J., & Astrup, A. (2000) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801083 · Cited by 2,238 · see citing works
Butyrate improves insulin sensitivity and increases energy expenditure in mice
Gao, Z., Yin, J., Zhang, J., Ward, R. E., Martin, R. J., Lefevre, M., Cefalu, W. T., & Ye, J. (2009) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db08-1637 · Cited by 2,204 · see citing works
Weight Loss with a Low-Carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or Low-Fat Diet
Shai, I., Schwarzfuchs, D., Henkin, Y., Shahar, D. R., Witkow, S., Greenberg, I., Golan, R., Fraser, D., Bolotin, A., Vardi, H., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0708681 · Cited by 2,143 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Divorced or separated 36 (18) 24 ( 12 ) 33 (16) 29 (14) 122 (15) 94 (15)”
A Randomized Trial of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet for Obesity
Foster, G. D., Wyatt, H. R., Hill, J. O., McGuckin, B. G., Brill, C., Mohammed, B. S., Szapary, P. O., Rader, D. J., Edman, J. S., & Klein, S. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa022207 · Cited by 1,794 · see citing works
Intensive Lifestyle Changes for Reversal of Coronary Heart Disease
Ornish, D. (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.280.23.2001 · Cited by 1,730 · see citing works
Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone Diets for Weight Loss and Heart Disease Risk Reduction: A Randomized Trial
Dansinger, M. L., Gleason, J. A., Griffith, J. L., Selker, H. P., & Schaefer, E. J. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.293.1.43 · Cited by 1,726 · see citing works
A Low-Carbohydrate as Compared with a Low-Fat Diet in Severe Obesity
Samaha, F. F., Iqbal, N., Seshadri, P., Chicano, K. L., Daily, D. A., McGrory, J., Williams, T., Williams, M., Gracely, E. J., & Stern, L. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa022637 · Cited by 1,267 · see citing works
Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN Diets for Change in Weight and Related Risk Factors Among Overweight Premenopausal Women: The A TO Z Weight Loss Study: A Randomized Trial
Gardner, C. D., Kiazand, A., Alhassan, S., Kim, S., Stafford, R. S., Balise, R. R., Kraemer, H. C., & King, A. C. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.297.9.969 · Cited by 1,051 · see citing works
A Low-Carbohydrate, Ketogenic Diet versus a Low-Fat Diet To Treat Obesity and Hyperlipidemia: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Yancy, W. S., Olsen, M. K., Guyton, J. R., Bakst, R. P., & Westman, E. C. (2004) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-140-10-200405180-00006 · Cited by 946 · see citing works
The Effects of Low-Carbohydrate versus Conventional Weight Loss Diets in Severely Obese Adults: One-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Trial
Stern, L., Iqbal, N., Seshadri, P., Chicano, K. L., Daily, D. A., McGrory, J., Williams, M., Gracely, E. J., & Samaha, F. F. (2004) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-140-10-200405180-00007 · Cited by 831 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Divorced or separated 36 ( 18 ) 24 (12) 33 (16) 29 (14) 122 (15) 94 (15)”
A self-regulation program for maintenance of weight loss
Wing, R. R., Tate, D. F., Gorin, A. A., Raynor, H. A., & Fava, J. L. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa061883 · Cited by 830 · see citing works
A Randomized Trial Comparing a Very Low Carbohydrate Diet and a Calorie-Restricted Low Fat Diet on Body Weight and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Healthy Women
Brehm, B. J., Seeley, R. J., Daniels, S. R., & D’Alessio, D. A. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-021480 · Cited by 830 · see citing works
Comparison of Strategies for Sustaining Weight Loss<subtitle>The Weight Loss Maintenance Randomized Controlled Trial</subtitle>
Svetkey, L. P. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.299.10.1139 · Cited by 748 · see citing works
Randomized trial on protein vs carbohydrate in ad libitum fat reduced diet for the treatment of obesity
Skov, A., Toubro, S., Rønn, B., Holm, L., & Astrup, A. (1999) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0800867 · Cited by 743 · see citing works
The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: One-year follow-up of a randomized trial
Stem, L., Iqbal, N., Seshadri, P., & Chicano, K. L. (2004) · ACC Current Journal Review · doi:10.1016/j.accreview.2004.07.103 · Cited by 629 · see citing works
Effect of an energy-restricted, high-protein, low-fat diet relative to a conventional high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet on weight loss, body composition, nutritional status, and markers of cardiovascular health in obese women
Noakes, M., Keogh, J. B., Foster, P. R., & Clifton, P. M. (2005) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/81.6.1298 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
A Low-Fat Vegan Diet Improves Glycemic Control and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Randomized Clinical Trial in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes
Barnard, N. D., Cohen, J., Jenkins, D. J. A., Turner-McGrievy, G., Gloede, L., Jaster, B., Seidl, K., Green, A. A., & Talpers, S. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-0606 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Meta-analysis: The Effect of Dietary Counseling for Weight Loss
Dansinger, M. L., Tatsioni, A., Wong, J. B., Chung, M., & Balk, E. M. (2007) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-1-200707030-00007 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Executive Summary
Freedman, M. R., King, J., & Kennedy, E. (2001) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2001.113 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
A randomized controlled trial of a moderate-fat, low-energy diet compared with a low fat, low-energy diet for weight loss in overweight adults
McManus, K., Antinoro, L., & Sacks, F. (2001) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801796 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Self-citation
Comparison of 4 Diets of Varying Glycemic Load on Weight Loss and Cardiovascular Risk Reduction in Overweight and Obese Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
McMillan-Price, J., Petocz, P., Atkinson, F., O’Neill, K., Samman, S., Steinbeck, K., Caterson, I., & Brand-Miller, J. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.14.1466 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Long-term effects of 2 energy-restricted diets differing in glycemic load on dietary adherence, body composition, and metabolism in CALERIE: a 1-y randomized controlled trial
Das, S. K., Gilhooly, C. H., Golden, J. K., Pittas, A. G., Fuss, P. J., Cheatham, R. A., Tyler, S., Tsay, M., McCrory, M. A., Lichtenstein, A. H., et al. (2007) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.4.1023 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Effect of normal-fat diets, either medium or high in protein, on body weight in overweight subjects: a randomised 1-year trial
Due, A., Toubro, S., Skov, A. R., & Astrup, A. (2004) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802767 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Dietary fat is not a major determinant of body fat
Willett, W. C., & Leibel, R. L. (2002) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(01)00992-5 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Randomised comparison of diets for maintaining obese subjects' weight after major weight loss: ad lib, low fat, high carbohydrate dietv fixed energy intake
Toubro, S., & Astrup, A. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7073.29 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Comparison of energy-restricted very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on weight loss and body composition in overweight men and women
Volek, J., Sharman, M., Gómez, A., Judelson, D., Rubin, M., Watson, G., Sokmen, B., Silvestre, R., French, D., & Kraemer, W. (2004) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-1-13 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Carbohydrate-restricted diets high in either monounsaturated fat or protein are equally effective at promoting fat loss and improving blood lipids
Luscombe-Marsh, N. D., Noakes, M., Wittert, G. A., Keogh, J. B., Foster, P., & Clifton, P. M. (2005) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/81.4.762 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
A Two‐Year Randomized Weight Loss Trial Comparing a Vegan Diet to a More Moderate Low‐Fat Diet
Turner‐McGrievy, G. M., Barnard, N. D., & Scialli, A. R. (2007) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2007.270 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Dietary intake in the lower Mississippi delta region: results from the foods of our delta study
Champagne, C. M., Bogle, M. L., McGee, B. B., Yadrick, K., Allen, H. R., Kramer, T., Simpson, P. M., Gossett, J. M., & WEBER, J. L. (2004) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2003.11.011 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of moderate variations in macronutrient composition on weight loss and reduction in cardiovascular disease risk in obese, insulin-resistant adults
McLaughlin, T., Carter, S., Lamendola, C., Abbasi, F., Yee, G., Schaaf, P., Basina, M., & Reaven, G. (2006) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.4.813 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Alternatives for macronutrient intake and chronic disease: a comparison of the OmniHeart diets with popular diets and with dietary recommendations
de Souza, R. J., Swain, J. F., Appel, L. J., & Sacks, F. M. (2008) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/88.1.1 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citation
Correlates of maintenance of a low-fat diet among women in the Women's Health Trial
Urban, N. D., White, E., Anderson, G. L., Curry, S., & Kristal, A. R. (1992) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/0091-7435(92)90027-f · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Obesity Research—Limitations of Methods, Measurements, and Medications
Simons-Morton, D. G. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.7.826 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Low-fat diets are preferred
Jéquier, E., & Bray, G. A. (2002) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(01)00991-3 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citation
Due A, Toubro S, Skov AR, Astrup A. Effect of normal-fat diets, either medium or high in protein, on body weight in overweight subjects: a randomised 1-year trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004 Oct;28(10):1283-90.
Due, A. (2004) · International Journal of Obesity · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Calories do count
Kinsell, L. W., Gunning, B., Michaels, G. D., Richardson, J., Cox, S. E., & Lemon, C. (1964) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(64)90098-8 · Cited by 58 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Former smoker 84 (41) 59 (29) 80 ( 39 ) 75 (37) 298 (37) 241 (37)”
Influential
Long-term weight maintenance and cardiovascular risk factors are not different following weight loss on carbohydrate-restricted diets high in either monounsaturated fat or protein in obese hyperinsulinaemic men and women
Keogh, J. B., Luscombe-Marsh, N. D., Noakes, M., Wittert, G. A., & Clifton, P. M. (2007) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114507252687 · Cited by 48 · cited 2× · see citing works
“$100,000 to $150,000 46 (23) 43 ( 21 ) 43 (21) 32 (16) 164 (20) 123 (19)”
Comparison of a low carbohydrate and low fat diet for weight maintenance in overweight or obese adults enrolled in a clinical weight management program
LeCheminant, J. D., Gibson, C. A., Sullivan, D. K., Hall, S., Washburn, R., Vernon, M. C., Curry, C., Stewart, E., Westman, E. C., & Donnelly, J. E. (2007) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-6-36 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The challenge of obesity treatment: avoiding weight regain
Ross, R. (2009) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.090427 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Incorrect Location
(1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.281.15.1380 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets
Boling, C., Westman, E. C., & Yancy, W. S. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc096106 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Benefits of Lifestyle Modification in the Pharmacologic Treatment of Obesity: A Randomized Trial
Wadden, T. A., Berkowitz, R. I., Sarwer, D. B., Prus-Wisniewski, R., & Steinberg, C. (2001) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.161.2.218 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

CONSORT 2010 Explanation and Elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials
Moher, D., Hopewell, S., Schulz, K. F., Montori, V., Gotzsche, P. C., Devereaux, P. J., Elbourne, D., Egger, M., & Altman, D. G. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c869 · Cited by 8,883 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2014 Update
Go, A. S., Mozaffarian, D., Roger, V. L., Benjamin, E. J., Berry, J. D., Blaha, M. J., Dai, S., Ford, E. S., Fox, C. S., Franco, S., et al. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000441139.02102.80 · Cited by 5,207 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Go, A. S., Mozaffarian, D., Roger, V. L., Benjamin, E. J., Berry, J. D., Borden, W. B., Bravata, D. M., Dai, S., Ford, E. S., Fox, C. S., et al. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e31828124ad · Cited by 5,292 · see citing works
2013 AHA/ACC/TOS Guideline for the Management of Overweight and Obesity in Adults
Jensen, M. D., Ryan, D. H., Apovian, C. M., Ard, J. D., Comuzzie, A. G., Donato, K. A., Hu, F. B., Hubbard, V. S., Jakicic, J. M., Kushner, R. F., et al. (2014) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.004 · Cited by 4,058 · see citing works
Self-citation
European Guidelines for Obesity Management in Adults
Yumuk, V., Tsigos, C., Fried, M., Schindler, K., Busetto, L., Micic, D., & Toplak, H. (2015) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000442721 · Cited by 3,432 · see citing works
The Epidemiology of Obesity: A Big Picture
Hruby, A., & Hu, F. B. (2014) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.1007/s40273-014-0243-x · Cited by 3,006 · see citing works
“Although the metabolic nuances and relative merits of the differing dietary patterns for various comorbid conditions are still being investigated, the evidence seems to suggest that merely adhering to a diet—nearly irrespective of what type of healthy diet it is—has an impact on weight loss/control [41–43].”
Background
2013 AHA/ACC/TOS Guideline for the Management of Overweight and Obesity in Adults
Jensen, M. D., Ryan, D. H., Apovian, C. M., Ard, J. D., Comuzzie, A. G., Donato, K. A., Hu, F. B., Hubbard, V. S., Jakicic, J. M., Kushner, R. F., et al. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee · Cited by 2,735 · see citing works
Self-citation
Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men
Mozaffarian, D., Hao, T., Rimm, E. B., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1014296 · Cited by 2,527 · see citing works
CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials
Moher, D., Hopewell, S., Schulz, K. F., Montori, V., Gøtzsche, P. C., Devereaux, P. J., Elbourne, D., Egger, M., & Altman, D. G. (2012) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2011.10.001 · Cited by 2,345 · see citing works
“All investigators, staff, and participants were kept masked to outcome measurements and trial results’’[157].”
Background
Butyrate improves insulin sensitivity and increases energy expenditure in mice
Gao, Z., Yin, J., Zhang, J., Ward, R. E., Martin, R. J., Lefevre, M., Cefalu, W. T., & Ye, J. (2009) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db08-1637 · Cited by 2,204 · see citing works
“In skeletal muscle cells, inhibition of HDAC enhances myotube differentiation in vitro (2830), and protects muscle from dystrophy in vivo (29-31).”
Background
Waist circumference as a vital sign in clinical practice: a Consensus Statement from the IAS and ICCR Working Group on Visceral Obesity
Ross, R., Neeland, I. J., Yamashita, S., Shai, I., Seidell, J., Magni, P., Santos, R. D., Arsenault, B., Cuevas, A., Hu, F. B., et al. (2020) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-019-0310-7 · Cited by 1,966 · see citing works
ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD
Authors Task Force Members, Rydén, L., Grant, P. J., Anker, S. D., Berne, C., Cosentino, F., Danchin, N., Deaton, C., Escaned, J., Hammes, H., et al. (2013) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht108 · Cited by 1,958 · see citing works
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Azziz, R., Carmina, E., Chen, Z., Dunaif, A., Laven, J. S. E., Legro, R. S., Lizneva, D., Natterson-Horowtiz, B., Teede, H. J., & Yildiz, B. O. (2016) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.57 · Cited by 2,005 · see citing works
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Comprehensive Clinical Practice Guidelines For Medical Care of Patients with Obesity
Garvey, W. T., Mechanick, J. I., Brett, E. M., Garber, A. J., Hurley, D. L., Jastreboff, A. M., Nadolsky, K., Pessah-Pollack, R., & Plodkowski, R. (2016) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep161365.gl · Cited by 1,914 · see citing works
Triglycerides and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Miller, M., Stone, N. J., Ballantyne, C., Bittner, V., Criqui, M. H., Ginsberg, H. N., Goldberg, A. C., Howard, W. J., Jacobson, M. S., Kris-Etherton, P. M., et al. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e3182160726 · Cited by 1,871 · see citing works
CONSORT 2010 Explanation and Elaboration: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials
Moher, D., Hopewell, S., Schulz, K. F., Montori, V., Gøtzsche, P. C., Devereaux, P. J., Elbourne, D., Egger, M., & Altman, D. G. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.03.004 · Cited by 1,858 · see citing works
Benefits of Modest Weight Loss in Improving Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes
Wing, R. R., Lang, W., Wadden, T. A., Safford, M., Knowler, W. C., Bertoni, A. G., Hill, J. O., Brancati, F. L., Peters, A., Wagenknecht, L., et al. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-2415 · Cited by 1,828 · see citing works
Childhood obesity
Han, J. C., Lawlor, D. A., & Kimm, S. Y. S. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60171-7 · Cited by 1,318 · see citing works
Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for fats, including saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and cholesterol
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, N. (2010) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1461 · Cited by 1,295 · see citing works
Obesity: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Therapeutics
Lin, X., & Li, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.706978 · Cited by 1,404 · see citing works
Quantification of the effect of energy imbalance on bodyweight
Hall, K. D., Sacks, G., Chandramohan, D., Chow, C. C., Wang, Y. C., Gortmaker, S. L., & Swinburn, B. A. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60812-x · Cited by 1,165 · see citing works
Impact of intermittent fasting on health and disease processes
Mattson, M. P., Longo, V. D., & Harvie, M. (2017) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2016.10.005 · Cited by 1,187 · see citing works
“The differences in overall carbohydrate intake between the diet groups were modest (41% and 37% of energy for the two IF diets compared to 47% of energy for CER, which is unlikely to account for any differences in adherence and reductions in adiposity between the diets (Sacks et al., 2009).”
Long-term Effects of a Lifestyle Intervention on Weight and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Four-Year Results of the Look AHEAD Trial
(2010) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.334 · Cited by 1,162 · see citing works
“Based on studies with nondiabetic subjects, the long-term effects of the lifestyle intervention in the Look AHEAD trial are consistent with or greater than those reported previously in other randomized trials with 2- to 3-year follow-up periods or in meta-analyses for blood pressure(15,38,39) and triglycerides(16,17,3…”
Result
A position statement on NAFLD/NASH based on the EASL 2009 special conference
Ratziu, V., Bellentani, S., Cortez‐Pinto, H., Day, C., & Marchesini, G. (2010) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.04.008 · Cited by 1,058 · see citing works
“However long-term data indicate that only 15% of participants lose more than 10% body weight, adherence drops after the first few months and most regain weight [170].”
Background
Management of obesity
Bray, G. A., Frühbeck, G., Ryan, D. H., & Wilding, J. P. H. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00271-3 · Cited by 1,036 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Systematic Review of the Impact of Adherence on the Effectiveness of e-Therapies
Donkin, L., Christensen, H., Naismith, S. L., Neal, B., Hickie, I. B., & Glozier, N. (2011) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1772 · Cited by 876 · see citing works
“This is consistent with the current literature, which shows that the more closely people follow dietary plans, the better their outcomes [71].”
Interventions to Promote Physical Activity and Dietary Lifestyle Changes for Cardiovascular Risk Factor Reduction in Adults: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Artinian, N. T., Fletcher, G. F., Mozaffarian, D., Kris-Etherton, P., Van Horn, L., Lichtenstein, A. H., Kumanyika, S., Kraus, W. E., Fleg, J. L., Redeker, N. S., et al. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e3181e8edf1 · Cited by 919 · see citing works
Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for carbohydrates and dietary fibre
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, N. (2010) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1462 · Cited by 912 · see citing works
Evaluation and Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
Berglund, L., Brunzell, J. D., Goldberg, A. C., Goldberg, I. J., Sacks, F., Murad, M. H., & Stalenhoef, A. F. H. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-3213 · Cited by 887 · see citing works
“bohydrate diets and low-carbohydrate diets (162, 163).”
Self-citation
The Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of metabolic associated fatty liver disease
Eslam, M., Sarin, S. K., Wong, V. W., Fan, J.-G., Kawaguchi, T., Ahn, S. H., Zheng, M., Shiha, G. E.-S., Yilmaz, Y. N., Gani, R. A., et al. (2020) · Hepatology International · doi:10.1007/s12072-020-10094-2 · Cited by 837 · see citing works
The science of obesity management: an endocrine society scientific statement
Bray, G. A., Heisel, W. E., Afshin, A., Jensen, M. D., Dietz, W. H., Long, M., Kushner, R. F., Daniels, S. R., Wadden, T. A., Tsai, A. G., et al. (2018) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2017-00253 · Cited by 812 · see citing works
“Continued Study No., Sex, and Completers No. of Lifestyle Sessions Provided Dietary Intervention Weight Change Month Comments/Other Results Sacks et al., 2009 POUNDS Lost Study (218) 811, 64% F, 80% completed 66 Low fat, average protein (highest carbohydrate) 22.9 kga 24 LDL cholesterol decreased…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) guidelines for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases 2017
Kinoshita, M., Yokote, K., Arai, H., Iida, M., Ishigaki, Y., Ishibashi, S., Umemoto, S., Egusa, G., Ohmura, H., Okamura, T., et al. (2018) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.gl2017 · Cited by 813 · see citing works
National Lipid Association Recommendations for Patient-Centered Management of Dyslipidemia: Part 2
Jacobson, T. A., Maki, K. C., Orringer, C. E., Jones, P. H., Kris-Etherton, P., Sikand, G., La Forge, R., Daniels, S. R., Wilson, D. P., Morris, P. B., et al. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2015.09.002 · Cited by 784 · see citing works
“The NLA Expert Panel acknowledges that additional research is needed to more clearly define effective dietary strategies for enhancing adherence to hypocaloric diets, and preventing weight regain after weight loss interventions.(80,86) However, based on the evidence discussed herein, the NLA Expert Panel consensus vie…”
BackgroundInfluential
Very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet v. low-fat diet for long-term weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Bueno, N. B., de Melo, I. S. V., de Oliveira, S. L., & da Rocha Ataide, T. (2013) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114513000548 · Cited by 778 · see citing works
2009 Canadian Cardiovascular Society/Canadian guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease in the adult – 2009 recommendations
Genest, J. J., McPherson, R., Frohlich, J. J., Anderson, T. J., Campbell, N. R. C., Carpentier, A. C., Couture, P., Dufour, R., Fodor, G. J., Francis, G. A., et al. (2009) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0828-282x(09)70715-9 · Cited by 758 · see citing works
Association of animal and plant protein intake with all-cause and cause-specific mortality.
Song, M., Fung, T. T., Hu, F. B., Willett, W. C., Longo, V. D., Chan, A. T., & Giovannucci, E. L. (2016) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.4182 · Cited by 735 · see citing works
Behavioral and Dietary Risk Factors for Noncommunicable Diseases
Ezzati, M., & Ríboli, E. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1203528 · Cited by 744 · see citing works
Effect of Low-Fat vs Low-Carbohydrate Diet on 12-Month Weight Loss in Overweight Adults and the Association With Genotype Pattern or Insulin Secretion: The DIETFITS Randomized Clinical Trial
Gardner, C. D., Trepanowski, J. F., Del Gobbo, L. C., Hauser, M. E., Rigdon, J., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Desai, M., & King, A. C. (2018) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2018.0245 · Cited by 709 · see citing works
Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease
Hooper, L., Martin, N., Abdelhamid, A., & Davey Smith, G. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011737 · Cited by 704 · see citing works
5. Lifestyle Management:Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2019
American Diabetes Association (2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-s005 · Cited by 700 · see citing works
2018 Korean Society for the Study of Obesity Guideline for the Management of Obesity in Korea
Seo, M. H., Lee, W., Kim, S. S., Kang, J., Kang, J., Kim, K. K., Kim, B.-Y., Kim, Y., Kim, W., Kim, E. M., et al. (2019) · Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.7570/jomes.2019.28.1.40 · Cited by 680 · see citing works
Cohort Profile: Design and methods of the PREDIMED study
Martinez-Gonzalez, M. A., Corella, D., Salas-Salvado, J., Ros, E., Covas, M. I., Fiol, M., Warnberg, J., Aros, F., Ruiz-Gutierrez, V., Lamuela-Raventos, R. M., et al. (2012) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyq250 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Lifestyle modification approaches for the treatment of obesity in adults.
Wadden, T. A., Tronieri, J. S., & Butryn, M. L. (2020) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000517 · Cited by 661 · see citing works
“There is little evidence that macronutrient composition per se (i.e., amount of fat, protein, etc.) affects weight loss, when different diets are matched for calorie level (Sacks et al., 2009).”
Background
Obesity and Cancer: A Current Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Outcomes, and Management
Pati, S., Irfan, W., Jameel, A., Ahmed, S., & Shahid, R. K. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15020485 · Cited by 677 · see citing works
“The 2-year POUNDS LOST (Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies) trial randomized study participants into four diets groups with a deficit of 750 kcal per day and showed that there was no difference in the short- and long-term weight loss among the four groups [142].”
BackgroundMethod
Effect of Alternate-Day Fasting on Weight Loss, Weight Maintenance, and Cardioprotection Among Metabolically Healthy Obese Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Trepanowski, J. F., Kroeger, C. M., Barnosky, A., Klempel, M. C., Bhutani, S., Hoddy, K. K., Gabel, K., Freels, S., Rigdon, J., Rood, J., et al. (2017) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0936 · Cited by 645 · see citing works
Self-citation
Hass Avocado Composition and Potential Health Effects
Dreher, M. L., & Davenport, A. J. (2013) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2011.556759 · Cited by 640 · see citing works
“However, a key large, randomized, long-term clinical trial found that a moderate fat diet can be an effective part of a weight loss plan and the reduction of chronic disease risk (Sacks et al, 2009 ).”
Background
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology – Clinical Practice Guidelines for Developing A Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan – 2015 — Executive Summary
Handelsman, Y., Bloomgarden, Z. T., Grunberger, G., Umpierrez, G. E., Zimmerman, R. S., Bailey, T. S., Blonde, L., Bray, G. A., Cohen, A. J., Dagogo-Jack, S. E., et al. (2015) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep15672.gl · Cited by 631 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of energy-restricted high-protein, low-fat compared with standard-protein, low-fat diets: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Wycherley, T. P., Moran, L. J., Clifton, P. M., Noakes, M., & Brinkworth, G. D. (2012) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.044321 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
Understanding weight gain at menopause
Davis, S. R., Castelo‐Branco, C., Chedraui, P. A., Lumsden, M. A., Nappi, R. E., Shah, D., Villaseca, P., & as the Writing Group of the International Menopause Society for World Menopause Day 2012 (2012) · Climacteric · doi:10.3109/13697137.2012.707385 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
Strategies for the prevention of knee osteoarthritis
Roos, E. M., & Arden, N. (2015) · Nature Reviews Rheumatology · doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2015.135 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
Lifestyle Modification for Obesity
Wadden, T. A., Webb, V. L., Moran, C. H., & Bailer, B. A. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.111.039453 · Cited by 573 · see citing works
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology - clinical practice guidelines for developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan - 2015
Handelsman, Y., Bloomgarden, Z. T., Grunberger, G., Umpierrez, G., Zimmerman, R. S., Bailey, T. S., Blonde, L., Bray, G. A., Cohen, A. J., Dagogo-Jack, S., et al. (2015) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep15672.glsuppl · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Self-citation
4. Lifestyle Management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2018
American Diabetes Association (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc18-s004 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
NIH working group report: Innovative research to improve maintenance of weight loss
MacLean, P. S., Wing, R. R., Davidson, T. L., Epstein, L. H., Goodpaster, B. H., Hall, K. D., Levin, B. E., Perri, M. G., Rolls, B. J., ROSENBAUM, M. S., et al. (2014) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20967 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
“low carbohydrate), the level of adherence to the prescribed regimen is a far stronger predictor of weight loss outcome than is the actual diet (26).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Obesity, adiposity, and dyslipidemia: a consensus statement from the National Lipid Association
Bays, H. E., Toth, P. P., Kris-Etherton, P. M., Abate, N., Aronne, L. J., Brown, W. V., Gonzalez-Campoy, J. M., Jones, S. R., Kumar, R., La Forge, R., et al. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2013.04.001 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
“Conversely, higher carbohydrate/lower fat diets cause a more immediate LDL-C lowering response that stabilizes over time.(212,215) In general, very high carbohydrate/very low fat diets elicit an LDL-C lowering effect but also an HDL-C lowering as well as TG-lowering effect, the latter is not as great as reported for a…”
Background
Components of a Cardioprotective Diet: New Insights
Mozaffarian, D., Appel, L. J., & Van Horn, L. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.968735 · Cited by 571 · see citing works
A Behavioral Weight-Loss Intervention in Persons with Serious Mental Illness
Daumit, G. L., Dickerson, F. B., Wang, N.-Y., Dalcin, A., Jerome, G. J., Anderson, C. A. M., Young, D. R., Frick, K. D., Yu, A., Gennusa, J. V., et al. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1214530 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Dietary protein for athletes: From requirements to optimum adaptation
Phillips, S. M., & Van Loon, L. J. C. (2011) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.619204 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
“It is reasonable to reduce energy density with this ratio of macronutrients and promote weight loss in the short term, but low satiety and poor adherence over longer periods are common in people adhering to a diet with this ratio of macronutrients (Abete, Astrup, Martinez, Thorsdottir, & Zulet, 2010; Foreyt et al., 20…”
Background
A Two-Year Randomized Trial of Obesity Treatment in Primary Care Practice
Wadden, T. A., Volger, S., Sarwer, D. B., Vetter, M. L., Tsai, A. G., Berkowitz, R. I., Kumanyika, S., Schmitz, K. H., Diewald, L. K., Barg, R., et al. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1109220 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Diet and exercise in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Magkos, F., Hjorth, M. F., & Astrup, A. V. (2020) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-020-0381-5 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Effect of a lifestyle intervention program with energy-restricted Mediterranean diet and exercise on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: one-year results of the predimed-plus trial
Salas-Salvadó, J., Díaz-López, A., Ruiz-Canela, M., Basora, J., Fitó, M., Corella, D., Serra-Majem, L., Wärnberg, J., Romaguera, D., Estruch, R., et al. (2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc18-0836 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
The role of protein in weight loss and maintenance
Leidy, H. J., Clifton, P. M., Astrup, A., Wycherley, T. P., Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S., Luscombe-Marsh, N. D., Woods, S. C., & Mattes, R. D. (2015) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.084038 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
“One factor that is strongly associated with weight loss and prevention of weight regain is attendance to dietary counseling sessions (5).”
Background
Dietary protein: its role in satiety, energetics, weight loss and health.
Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S., Lemmens, S. G., & Westerterp, K. R. (2012) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114512002589 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Effects of Dietary Composition on Energy Expenditure During Weight-Loss Maintenance
Ebbeling, C. B., Swain, J. F., Feldman, H. A., Wong, W. W., Hachey, D. L., Garcia-Lago, E., & Ludwig, D. S. (2012) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2012.6607 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
NAFLD and liver transplantation: Current burden and expected challenges
Pais, R., Barritt, A. S., Calmus, Y., Scatton, O., Runge, T. M., Lebray, P., Poynard, T., Ratziu, V., & Conti, F. (2016) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2016.07.033 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Management of obesity: improvement of health-care training and systems for prevention and care
Dietz, W. H., Baur, L. A., Hall, K. D., Puhl, R. M., Taveras, E. M., Uauy, R. D., & Kopelman, P. G. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61748-7 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
The effect of intermittent energy and carbohydrate restrictionv. daily energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers in overweight women
Harvie, M., Wright, C., Pegington, M., McMullan, D., Mitchell, E., Martin, B., Cutler, R. G., Evans, G., Whiteside, S., Maudsley, S., et al. (2013) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114513000792 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
“These differences are unlikely to account for the differences in the reductions of weight and adiposity seen((9)).”
Background
Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials
Hu, T., Mills, K. T., Yao, L., Demanelis, K., Eloustaz, M., Yancy, W. S., Kelly, T. N., He, J., & Bazzano, L. A. (2012) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kws264 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Obesity in adults
Lingvay, I., Cohen, R. V., Roux, C. W. L., & Sumithran, P. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01210-8 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Factors Influencing the Gut Microbiota, Inflammation, and Type 2 Diabetes
Li, W., & Duffy, A. J. (2017) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.116.240754 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Obesity and Breast Cancer Prognosis: Evidence, Challenges, and Opportunities
Jiralerspong, S., & Goodwin, P. J. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2016.68.4480 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
“Although this is a rapidly evolving area, current evidence suggests that there are no significant differences in terms of weight loss between diets based on low versus high fat, low versus high carbohydrates, or low versus high protein.(74) This is supported by meta-analyses.”
Result
Recent progress in genetics, epigenetics and metagenomics unveils the pathophysiology of human obesity
Pigeyre, M., Yazdi, F., Kaur, Y., & Meyre, D. (2016) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20160136 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Is cooking at home associated with better diet quality or weight-loss intention?
Wolfson, J. A., & Bleich, S. N. (2014) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980014001943 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Review of current evidence and clinical recommendations on the effects of low-carbohydrate and very-low-carbohydrate (including ketogenic) diets for the management of body weight and other cardiometabolic risk factors: A scientific statement from the National Lipid Association Nutrition and Lifestyle Task Force
Kirkpatrick, C. F., Bolick, J. P., Kris-Etherton, P. M., Sikand, G., Aspry, K. E., Soffer, D. E., Willard, K.-E., & Maki, K. C. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2019.08.003 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
“Sacks et al.72 found that satisfaction was similar among study completers assigned to four different hypocaloric diets (n 5 645): low-fat, average-protein; low-fat, high-protein; high-fat, average-protein; and highfat, high-protein.”
Background
Reduced or modified dietary fat for preventing cardiovascular disease.
Hooper, L., Summerbell, C., Thompson, R. L., Sills, D., Roberts, F. G., Moore, H., & Smith, G. D. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002137.pub3 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Effect of low-fat diet interventions versus other diet interventions on long-term weight change in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Tobias, D. K., Chen, M., Manson, J. E., Ludwig, D. S., Willett, W., & Hu, F. B. (2015) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00367-8 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome: Summary of an evidence-based guideline
Teede, H. J., Misso, M. L., Deeks, A. A., Moran, L. J., Stuckey, B. G. A., Wong, J. L. A., Norman, R. J., Costello, M. F., & Groups, O. B. O. T. G. D. (2011) · Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja11.10915 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Short-term modified alternate-day fasting: a novel dietary strategy for weight loss and cardioprotection in obese adults
Varady, K. A., Bhutani, S., Church, E. C., & Klempel, M. C. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28380 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes:Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023
ElSayed, N. A., Aleppo, G., Aroda, V. R., Bannuru, R. R., Brown, F. M., Bruemmer, D., Collins, B. S., Hilliard, M. E., Isaacs, D., Johnson, E. L., et al. (2023) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc23-s005 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
“…reviews and meta-analyses of RCTs found carbohydrate-restricted eating patterns, particularly those considered low carbohydrate ( 26% total energy), were effective in reducing A1C in the short term ( 6 months), with less difference in eating patterns beyond 1 year (125,126, 137,138,164).”
Cardiovascular Disease Prevention by Diet Modification
Yu, E., Malik, V., & Hu, F. B. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.085 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
“Well-known randomized trials of diet, such as the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI), have not been successful in achieving target macronutrient compositions or sustaining them after 6 months despite targeted behavioral intervention and in the case of WHI, unrealistic goals for low fat intake (82,83).”
BackgroundMethod
Mediterranean Diet and Weight Loss: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Esposito, K., Kastorini, C.-M., Panagiotakos, D. B., & Giugliano, D. (2010) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2010.0031 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
“Howard et al. 32 reported that weight loss was greatest among women who decreased their percentage of energy from fat; Shai et al. 22 showed that a low-carbohydrate diet was superior to a low-fat diet for weight loss; and Sacks et al. 33 showed that reduced calorie diets caused weight loss independent of macronutrient…”
The Role of Triglycerides in Atherosclerosis
Talayero, B., & Sacks, F. M. (2011) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-011-0220-3 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
“However, in context of sustained weight loss, high-carbohydrate and low-carbohydrate diets lower plasma TG [75, 76].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Low-Carbohydrate Diets and All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality
Fung, T. T., van Dam, R. M., Hankinson, S. E., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2010) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-153-5-201009070-00003 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
“Weight-loss trials lasting 6 months to 2 years have found low-carbohydrate diets to be as effective (3, 4) or more effective (5, 6) than diets with higher carbohydrate content.”
Background
Low energy diet and intracranial pressure in women with idiopathic intracranial hypertension: prospective cohort study
Sinclair, A. J., Burdon, M., Nightingale, P., Ball, A. K., Good, P. A., Matthews, T. D., Jacks, A. S., Lawden, M., Clarke, C. E., Stewart, P. M., et al. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c2701 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
“The extent of weight reduction (loss of over 15% of body weight) is important as numerous other weight loss strategies had previously failed in these women. The low energy diet entailed consumption of three low energy nutrition drinks a day, which varied in flavour. Compliance and consequent universal effectiveness of…”
Background
Replacing caloric beverages with water or diet beverages for weight loss in adults: main results of the Choose Healthy Options Consciously Everyday (CHOICE) randomized clinical trial
Tate, D. F., Turner-McGrievy, G., Lyons, E., Stevens, J., Erickson, K., Polzien, K., Diamond, M., Wang, X., & Popkin, B. (2012) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.026278 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
“Reductions in fasting glucose and BP seen in the Water group are similar to the improvements seen in other weight-loss trials at 6 mo (37, 38).”
2020 Korean Society for the Study of Obesity Guidelines for the Management of Obesity in Korea
Kim, B.-Y., Kang, S. M., Kang, J., Kang, S. Y., Kim, K. K., Kim, K.-B., Kim, B., Kim, S. J., Kim, Y., Kim, J. H., et al. (2021) · Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.7570/jomes21022 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets: A Randomized Trial
Bazzano, L. A., Hu, T., Reynolds, K., Yao, L., Bunol, C., Liu, Y., Chen, C.-S., Klag, M. J., Whelton, P. K., & He, J. (2014) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m14-0180 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
“Typical low-carbohydrate diets for weight loss restrict carbohydrate to less than 20% of daily energy intake (6).”
Background
The role of diet in the prevention of type 2 diabetes
Salas‐Salvadó, J., Martínez‐González, M. Á., Bulló, M., & Ros, E. (2011) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2011.03.009 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
5. Facilitating Behavior Change and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes:Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2020
(2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc20-s005 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Executive summary: Guidelines (2013) for the management of overweight and obesity in adults
Members, E. P., Jensen, M. D., Ryan, D. H., Donato, K. A., Apovian, C. M., Ard, J. D., Comuzzie, A. G., Hu, F. B., Hubbard, V. S., Jakicic, J. M., et al. (2014) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20821 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
“A total of 17 trials (23 articles) satisfied the final inclusion criteria for CQ3 and were rated to be of fair or good quality (43-65).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease.
Hooper, L., Martin, N., Jimoh, O., Kirk, C., Foster, E., & Abdelhamid, A. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011737.pub3 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Watanabe, S., Hashimoto, E., Ikejima, K., Uto, H., Ono, M., Sumida, Y., Seike, M., Takei, Y., Takehara, T., Tokushige, K., et al. (2015) · Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1007/s00535-015-1050-7 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
“calorie diets promotes weight loss, and that caloric restriction is more important than the proportions of carbohydrates and lipids for weight loss [67].”
Background
5. Facilitating Behavior Change and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes:Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2022
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc22-s005 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Diet and exercise in management of obesity and overweight
Fock, K. M., & Khoo, J. J. C. (2013) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/jgh.12407 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Systematic review and meta‐analysis of clinical trials of the effects of low carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk factors
Santos, F. L., Esteves, S. S., da Costa Pereira, A., Yancy Jr, W. S., & Nunes, J. P. L. (2012) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2012.01021.x · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Obesity and the metabolic syndrome: role of different dietary macronutrient distribution patterns and specific nutritional components on weight loss and maintenance
Abete, I., Astrup, A. V., Martínez, J. A., Þórsdóttir, I., & Zulet, M. Á. (2010) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00280.x · Cited by 314 · see citing works
5. Facilitating Behavior Change and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes:Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2021
American Diabetes Association (2021) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc21-s005 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
The carbohydrate-insulin model: A physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic
Ludwig, D. S., Aronne, L. J., Astrup, A., de Cabo, R., Cantley, L. C., Friedman, M. I., Heymsfield, S. B., Johnson, J. D., King, J. C., Krauss, R. M., et al. (2021) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab270 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
“In the Pounds Lost (Preventing Obesity Using Novel Dietary Strategies) study (155), participants reported little difference in macronutrient intakes at 2 y and biomeasures of adherence (serum triglycerides, urinary nitrogen excretion) showed little differentiation between dietary groups.”
Background
Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss
Burke, L. E., Styn, M. A., Sereika, S. M., Conroy, M. B., Ye, L., Glanz, K., Sevick, M. A., & Ewing, L. J. (2012) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.03.016 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
“29 Foster and colleagues compared a low-carbohydrate to a low-fat diet and conducted group sessions.”
Background
Determinants of weight loss maintenance: a systematic review
Varkevisser, R. D. M., van Stralen, M. M., Kroeze, W., Ket, J. C. F., & Steenhuis, I. H. M. (2019) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12772 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
“(89) and Katan (90) that macronutrient composition plays a lesser role in weight loss than previously believed.”
Background

Studies on weight loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein & carbohydrates.
Patel, T. (2020) · Insights in Nutrition and Metabolism
Diets with different targets for intake of fat, protein, and carbohydrates achieved similar weight loss in obese adultsCommentary
Goetz-Perry, C. (2009) · Evidence-Based Nursing · doi:10.1136/ebn.12.4.109
Effects of 4 weight-loss diets differing in fat, protein, and carbohydrate on fat mass, lean mass, visceral adipose tissue, and hepatic fat: results from the POUNDS LOST trial
de Souza, R. J., Bray, G. A., Carey, V. J., Hall, K. D., LeBoff, M. S., Loria, C. M., Laranjo, N. M., Sacks, F. M., & Smith, S. R. (2012) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.026328 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Self-citation
Protein rich weight loss diet enhances body composition changes and maintenance of weight loss
Evans, E. M., Layman, D. K., & Kris‐Etherton, P. M. (2006) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.20.4.a426-a
Randomized trial on protein vs carbohydrate in ad libitum fat reduced diet for the treatment of obesity
Skov, A., Toubro, S., Rønn, B., Holm, L., & Astrup, A. (1999) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0800867 · Cited by 743 · see citing works

Authors: Sacks, F. M., Bray, G. A., Carey, V. J., Smith, S. R., Ryan, D. H., Anton, S. D., McManus, K., Champagne, C. M., Bishop, L. M., Laranjo, N., Leboff, M. S., Rood, J. C., de Jonge, L., Greenway, F. L., Loria, C. M., Obarzanek, E., & Williamson, D. A.
Affiliations: Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
From the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health (F.M.S., L.M.B.); the Channing Laboratory (F.M.S., V.J.C., N.L.) and the Endocrine Division (M.S.L.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; and the Department of Nutrition, Brigham and Women's Hospital (K.M.) — all in Boston; Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge (G.A.B., S.R.S., D.H.R., S.D.A., C.M.C., J.C.R., L.J., F.L.G., D.A.W.); and the...
ORCID: Sacks, Frank M.
Carey, Vincent J.
Smith, Steven R.
Ryan, Donna H.
Anton, Stephen D.
Champagne, Catherine M.
Laranjo, Nancy
Leboff, Meryl S.
Rood, Jennifer C.
Greenway, Frank L.
Loria, Catherine M.
Venue: New England Journal of Medicine
Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society
Published: 2009-02-26
Volume: 360
Issue: 9
Pages: 859-873
ISSN: 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
1533-4406
DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa0804748
PMC: PMC2763382
OpenAlex: W2144376568
Semantic Scholar: 309c2f42a5b6ca3290f9030dc0c7231c9601786d
Cited by: 1,966
References: 45
Citations by year: 2026: 37 · 2025: 69 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 96 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 96 · 2020: 160 · 2019: 87 · 2018: 104 · 2017: 103 · 2016: 120 · 2015: 123 · 2014: 130 · 2013: 156 · 2012: 159
FWCI: 116.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (P30AG028740)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL073286, U01HL073286)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK072476, P30DK040561)
National Center for Research Resources (RR02635, M01RR002635)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Keywords: weight loss diet, macronutrient composition, high-protein diet, low-fat diet, carbohydrate restriction, overweight adults, long-term weight loss, weight regain, dietary adherence, group instruction, lipid risk factors, fasting insulin
MeSH terms: Blood Pressure, Body Weight, Energy Intake, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cholesterol, Counseling, Diabetes Mellitus, Diet, Reducing, Dietary Fats, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Patient Compliance, Risk Factors, Satiation, Weight Loss, Diet, Fat-Restricted, Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted, Waist Circumference

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-28.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-28.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks