Modification of the Excess Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Due to Smoking by Seafood/Fish Intake
Abstract
Seafood/fish intake has been regarded as a protective factor for coronary heart disease (CHD), while smoking is a strong risk factor. To examine whether associations between smoking and risk of CHD are modified by seafood/fish intake, we studied 72,012 Japanese men and women aged 45-74 years who completed 2 food frequency questionnaires, 5 years apart, during the period 1995-2009. After 878,163 person-years of follow-up, 584 incident cases of CHD (101 fatal and 483 nonfatal), including 516 myocardial infarctions, were documented. There was a clear dose-response association between smoking and CHD risk among subjects with a low seafood/fish intake (<86 g/day) but not among those with a high seafood/fish intake (≥86 g/day). Compared with never smokers, the multivariable hazard ratios in light (1-19 cigarettes/day), moderate (20-29 cigarettes/day), and heavy (≥30 cigarettes/day) smokers were 2.39 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.60, 3.56), 2.74 (95% CI: 1.90, 3.95), and 3.24 (95% CI: 2.12, 4.95), respectively, among low seafood/fish eaters and 1.13 (95% CI: 0.64, 1.99), 1.29 (95% CI: 0.95, 2.04), and 2.00 (95% CI: 1.18, 3.51), respectively, among high seafood/fish eaters. Compared with heavy smokers with a low seafood/fish intake, light smokers with a high seafood/fish intake had substantially reduced risk of CHD (hazard ratio = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.32, 0.98). High seafood/fish intake attenuated the positive association between smoking and risk of CHD.
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Japanese cohort studies have consistently reported smoking as a risk factor.
“Reviews in Japan alone have shown that smoking has been consistently reported in many cohort studies103–111) to be a risk factor.”
From Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) guidelines for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases 2017 (2018) · cites this paper as [110]
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- Authors
- Eshak, E. S., Iso, H., Yamagishi, K., Kokubo, Y., Saito, I., Yatsuya, H., Sawada, N., Inoue, M., Tsugane, S., Tsugane, S., Inoue, M., Sobue, T., Hanaoka, T., Ogata, J., Baba, S., Mannami, T., Okayama, A., Kokubo, Y., Miyakawa, K., Saito, F., Koizumi, A., Sano, Y., Hashimoto, I., Ikuta, T., Miyajima, Y., Suzuki, N., Nagasawa, S., Furusugi, Y., Nagai, N., Sanada, H., Hatayama, Y., Kobayashi, F., Uchino, H., Shirai, Y., Kondo, T., Sasaki, R., Watanabe, Y., Miyagawa, Y., Kobayashi, Y., Kishimoto, Y., Takara, E., Fukuyama, T., Kinjo, M., Irei, M., Sakiyama, H., Imoto, K., Yazawa, H., Seo, T., Seiko, A., Ito, F., Shoji, F., Murata, A., Minato, K., Motegi, K., Fujieda, T., Matsui, K., Abe, T., Katagiri, M., Suzuki, M., Doi, M., Terao, A., Ishikawa, Y., Tagami, T., Sueta, H., Doi, H., Urata, M., Okamoto, N., Ide, F., Sakiyama, H., Onga, N., Takaesu, H., Uehara, M., Horii, F., Asano, I., Yamaguchi, H., Aoki, K., Maruyama, S., Ichii, M., Takano, M., Tsubono, Y., Suzuki, K., Honda, Y., Yamagishi, K., Sakurai, S., Kabuto, M., Yamaguchi, M., Matsumura, Y., Sasaki, S., Watanabe, S., Akabane, M., Kadowaki, T., Noda, M., Kawaguchi, Y., Takashima, Y., Nakamura, K., Matsushima, S., Natsukawa, S., Shimizu, H., Sugimura, H., Tominaga, S., Iso, H., Iida, M., Ajiki, W., Ioka, A., Sato, S., Maruyama, E., Konishi, M., Okada, K., Saito, I., Yasuda, N., & Kono, S.
- Affiliations
- The University of Osaka (JP)
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2014-04-08
- Volume
- 179
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1173-1181
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- OpenAlex
- W2107135045
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2023: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 3.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (26253043)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Keywords
- coronary artery disease, smoking, seafood consumption, fish consumption, myocardial infarction, dose-response relationship, Japanese adults
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Aged, Cardiovascular Diseases, Coronary Disease, Diet, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Humans, Japan, Male, Middle Aged, Sex Factors, Smoking, Time Factors, Health Behavior, Seafood
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