Consensus statement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology on the comprehensive type 2 diabetes management algorithm—2019 executive summary.

Garber, Alan J.; Abrahamson, Martin J.; Barzilay, Joshua I.; Blonde, Lawrence; Bloomgarden, Zachary T.; Bush, Michael A.; Dagogo-Jack, Samuel; DeFronzo, Ralph A.; Einhorn, Daniel; Fonseca, Vivian A.; Garber, Jeffrey R.; Garvey, W. Timothy; Grunberger, George; Handelsman, Yehuda; Hirsch, Irl B.; Jellinger, Paul S.; McGill, Janet B.; Mechanick, Jeffrey I.; Rosenblit, Paul D.; Umpierrez, Guillermo E.

doi:10.4158/cs-2018-0535

Cited by 297Diabetes Treatment and ManagementDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsDiabetes Management and Research

Consensus statement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology on the comprehensive type 2 diabetes management algorithm—2019 executive summary.

Garber, Alan J., Abrahamson, Martin J., Barzilay, Joshua I., Blonde, Lawrence, Bloomgarden, Zachary T., Bush, Michael A., Dagogo-Jack, Samuel, DeFronzo, Ralph A. +12 more·2019·Endocrine Practice

DOI 10.4158/cs-2018-0535

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Abstract

ABBREVIATIONS A1C = hemoglobin A1C; AACE = American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists; ACCORD = Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes; ACCORD BP = Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Blood Pressure; ACE = American College of Endocrinology; ACEI = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; AGI = alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; apo B = apolipoprotein B; ARB = angiotensin II receptor blocker; ASCVD = atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; BAS = bile acid sequestrant; BMI = body mass index; BP = blood pressure; CCB = calcium channel blocker; CGM = continuous glucose monitoring; CHD = coronary heart disease; CKD = chronic kidney disease; DKA = diabetic ketoacidosis; DPP4 = dipeptidyl peptidase 4; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; EPA = eicosapentaenoic acid; ER = extended release; FDA = Food and Drug Administration; GLP1 = glucagon-like peptide 1; HDL-C = high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol; HeFH = heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia; LDL-C = low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-P = low-density-lipoprotein particle; Look AHEAD = Look Action for Health in Diabetes; NPH = neutral protamine Hagedorn; OSA = obstructive sleep apnea; PCSK9 = proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 serine protease; RCT = randomized controlled trial; SU = sulfonylurea; SGLT2 = sodium-glucose cotransporter 2; SMBG = self-monitoring of blood glucose; T2D = type 2 diabetes; TZD = thiazolidinedione.

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Pioglitazone after Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack
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“Cardiovascular benefits, such as reduced major adverse cardiovascular events, have been documented in T2D and in patients with prediabetes and a history of stroke (75,76).”
Background
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology guidelines for management of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease
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The UKPDS risk engine: a model for the risk of coronary heart disease in Type II diabetes (UKPDS 56)
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Effects of Oral Potassium on Blood Pressure
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Effect of naltrexone plus bupropion on weight loss in overweight and obese adults (COR-I): A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial
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Effects of Aerobic and Resistance Training on Hemoglobin A <sub>1c</sub> Levels in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial
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The association between symptomatic, severe hypoglycaemia and mortality in type 2 diabetes: Retrospective epidemiological analysis of the ACCORD study
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“Severe hypoglycemia occurs more frequently with intensive glycemic control in RCTs where insulin and/or sulfonylureas (SUs) are utilized (173,176,180,182,183).”
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n–3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Dysglycemia
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Multicenter, placebo-controlled trial of lorcaserin for weight management.
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Weight maintenance and additional weight loss with liraglutide after low-calorie-diet-induced weight loss: the SCALE Maintenance Randomized Study
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“In clinical trials, insulin sensitizers (thiazolidinediones [TZDs]) prevented future development of diabetes in 60 to 75% of subjects with prediabetes (72-74).”
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Heart failure, saxagliptin, and diabetes mellitus: observations from the SAVOR-TIMI 53 randomized trial
Scirica, B. M., Braunwald, E., Raz, I., Cavender, M. A., Morrow, D. A., Jarolim, P., Udell, J. A., Mosenzon, O., Im, K., Umez-Eronini, A. A., et al. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.114.010389 · Cited by 725 · see citing works
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A 52-Week Placebo-Controlled Trial of Evolocumab in Hyperlipidemia
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Two-year sustained weight loss and metabolic benefits with controlled-release phentermine/topiramate in obese and overweight adults (SEQUEL): A randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 extension study
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Controlled-release phentermine/topiramate in severely obese adults: A randomized controlled trial (EQUIP)
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Lipoprotein Management in Patients With Cardiometabolic Risk
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10-Year Coronary Heart Disease Risk Prediction Using Coronary Artery Calcium and Traditional Risk Factors
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Acarbose reduces the risk for myocardial infarction in type 2 diabetic patients: meta-analysis of seven long-term studies
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A 26-week, randomized, parallel, treat-to-target trial comparing insulin detemir with NPH insulin as add-on therapy to oral glucose-lowering drugs in insulin-naive people with type 2 diabetes
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Association between Reduced Sleep and Weight Gain in Women
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Very Low Levels of Atherogenic Lipoproteins and the Risk for Cardiovascular Events
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Impact of Intensive Lifestyle and Metformin Therapy on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in the Diabetes Prevention Program
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Framingham risk score and prediction of lifetime risk for coronary heart disease
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A One-Year Randomized Trial of Lorcaserin for Weight Loss in Obese and Overweight Adults: The BLOSSOM Trial
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Weight loss with naltrexone sr/bupropion sr combination therapy as an adjunct to behavior modification: the COR-BMOD trial
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Sulfonylurea Inadequacy
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Effects of Fenofibrate Treatment on Cardiovascular Disease Risk in 9,795 Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes and Various Components of the Metabolic Syndrome
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Efficacy and Safety of Atorvastatin in the Prevention of Cardiovascular End Points in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes
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Effects of Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction on Mortality Risk in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Trial
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Rosiglitazone-Associated Fractures in Type 2 Diabetes
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Randomized Placebo‐Controlled Clinical Trial of Lorcaserin for Weight Loss in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The BLOOM‐DM Study
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Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a comparative review
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Effect of Lowering LDL Cholesterol Substantially Below Currently Recommended Levels in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease and Diabetes
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Rosenstock, J., DAILEY, G. E., Massi‐Benedetti, M., Fritsche, A., Lin, Z., & Salzman, A. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.4.950 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
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Renal Outcomes in High-Risk Hypertensive Patients Treated With an Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor or a Calcium Channel Blocker vs a Diuretic: A Report From the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT)
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Effect of an Intensive Exercise Intervention Strategy on Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus<subtitle>A Randomized Controlled Trial: The Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study (IDES)</subtitle><alt-title>Intensive Exercise and Modifiable CV Risk Factors</alt-title>
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Anxiety and Poor Glycemic Control: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Literature
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Role of Snoring and Daytime Sleepiness in Occupational Accidents
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Insulin degludec, an ultra-longacting basal insulin, versus insulin glargine in basal-bolus treatment with mealtime insulin aspart in type 2 diabetes (BEGIN Basal-Bolus Type 2): a phase 3, randomised, open-label, treat-to-target non-inferiority trial
Garber, A. J., King, A. B., Prato, S. D., Sreenan, S., Balci, M. K., Muñoz-Torres, M., Rosenstock, J., Endahl, L. A., Francisco, A. M. O., & Hollander, P. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60205-0 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
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Comparison of insulin regimens in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
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Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Related Events in the Canagliflozin Type 2 Diabetes Clinical Program
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Pioglitazone Use and Risk of Bladder Cancer and Other Common Cancers in Persons With Diabetes
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Dapagliflozin and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes
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Colesevelam Hydrochloride (Cholestagel): A New, Potent Bile Acid Sequestrant Associated With a Low Incidence of Gastrointestinal Side Effects
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Comparative Effectiveness of Sulfonylurea and Metformin Monotherapy on Cardiovascular Events in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
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Association of metformin, elevated homocysteine, and methylmalonic acid levels and clinically worsened diabetic peripheral neuropathy
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Weighing Risks and Benefits of Liraglutide — The FDA's Review of a New Antidiabetic Therapy
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Bromocriptine: A Sympatholytic, D2-Dopamine Agonist for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
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SGLT2 inhibitors and diabetic ketoacidosis: data from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System
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American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology position statement on the 2014 advanced framework for a new diagnosis of obesity as a chronic disease
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“Weight loss should be considered in all patients with overweight or obesity who have prediabetes or T2D, given the known therapeutic effects of weight loss to lower glycemia, improve the lipid profile, reduce BP, prevent or delay the progression to T2D in patients with prediabetes, and decrease mechanical strain on th…”
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Relative Efficacy of Atorvastatin 80 mg and Pravastatin 40 mg in Achieving the Dual Goals of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol <70 mg/dl and C-Reactive Protein <2 mg/l
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Effect of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists on Lipid Profiles Among Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis
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Consistency With the DASH Diet and Incidence of Heart Failure
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Acute pancreatitis
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Outcomes in Patients With Hyperglycemia Affected by COVID-19: Can We Do More on Glycemic Control?
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Review of current evidence and clinical recommendations on the effects of low-carbohydrate and very-low-carbohydrate (including ketogenic) diets for the management of body weight and other cardiometabolic risk factors: A scientific statement from the National Lipid Association Nutrition and Lifestyle Task Force
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Glycaemic durability of an early combination therapy with vildagliptin and metformin versus sequential metformin monotherapy in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (VERIFY): A 5-year, multicentre, randomised, double-blind trial
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Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide versus daily canagliflozin as add-on to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 8): a double-blind, phase 3b, randomised controlled trial
Lingvay, I., Catarig, A.-M., Frias, J. P., Kumar, H., Lausvig, N. L., le Roux, C. W., Thielke, D., Viljoen, A., & McCrimmon, R. J. (2019) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(19)30311-0 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
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A review of GLP‐1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: A focus on the mechanism of action of once‐weekly agents
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Authors: Garber, A. J., Abrahamson, M. J., Barzilay, J. I., Blonde, L., Bloomgarden, Z. T., Bush, M. A., Dagogo-Jack, S., DeFronzo, R. A., Einhorn, D., Fonseca, V. A., Garber, J. R., Garvey, W. T., Grunberger, G., Handelsman, Y., Hirsch, I. B., Jellinger, P. S., McGill, J. B., Mechanick, J. I., Rosenblit, P. D., & Umpierrez, G. E.
Affiliations: Baylor College of Medicine (US)
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
Kaiser Permanente (US)
Ochsner Health System (US)
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (US)
University of Tennessee Health Science Center (US)
The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
University of California San Diego (US)
Tulane University (US)
University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
Oakland University (US)
University of Washington (US)
University of Miami (US)
Washington University in St. Louis (US)
University of California, Irvine (US)
Emory University (US)
Corresponding author: Umpierrez, Guillermo E.
ORCID: Abrahamson, Martin J.
Barzilay, Joshua I.
Blonde, Lawrence
Bloomgarden, Zachary T.
Bush, Michael A.
Dagogo-Jack, Samuel
DeFronzo, Ralph A.
Einhorn, Daniel
Fonseca, Vivian A.
Garvey, W. Timothy
Grunberger, George
Handelsman, Yehuda
Hirsch, Irl B.
McGill, Janet B.
Mechanick, Jeffrey I.
Umpierrez, Guillermo E.
Venue: Endocrine Practice
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2019-01
Volume: 25
Issue: 1
Pages: 69-101
ISSN: 1530-891X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.4158/cs-2018-0535
OpenAlex: W2915807915
Semantic Scholar: a1a3e473a58fcf12ae03e35a74cbe9a7f7b228b3
Cited by: 297
References: 291
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 110 · 2019: 63
FWCI: 51.14
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: erratum (2019-02-01)
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Endocrine Practice (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Keywords: type 2 diabetes management, glycemic control, cardiovascular risk, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, diabetic ketoacidosis, obstructive sleep apnea, lipid-lowering therapy, SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, blood pressure control, weight management, self-monitoring of blood glucose, continuous glucose monitoring, heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, PCSK9 inhibitors
MeSH terms: Proprotein Convertase 9, Endocrinologists, Algorithms, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, United States, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Consensus

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