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Effects of predation risk on group size, vigilance, and foraging behavior in an African ungulate community
Abstract
Predators alter prey dynamics by direct killing and through the costs of antipredator responses or risk effects.Antipredator behavior includes proactive responses to long-term variation in risk (e.g., grouping patterns) and reactive responses to short-term variation in risk (e.g., intense vigilance).In a 3-year field study, we measured variation in antipredator responses and the foraging costs of these responses for 5 ungulates (zebra, wildebeest, Grant's gazelle, impala, and giraffe) that comprised more than 90% of the prey community available to the 2 locally dominant predators, lions and spotted hyenas.Using a model-selection approach, we examined how vigilance and group size responded to attributes of the predator, prey, and environment.We found that 1) the strength of antipredator responses was affected by attributes of the predator, prey, and environment in which they met; 2) grouping and vigilance were complementary responses; 3) grouping was a proactive response to the use of dangerous habitats, whereas vigilance was a reactive response to finer cues about predation risk; 4) increased vigilance caused a large reduction in foraging for some species (but not all); and 5) there was no clear relationship between direct predation rates and the foraging costs of antipredator responses.Broadly, our results show that antipredator responses and their costs vary in a complex manner among prey species, the predators they face, and the environment in which they meet.
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“Gregarious animals in general increase grouping patterns during risky conditions to increase their chances of detecting a predator [41].”
From Effects of Vegetation Structure on the Location of Lion Kill Sites in African Thicket (2016) · cites this paper as [41]
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“For many species, vigilance is incompatible with other activities such as foraging and resting (Creel et al., 2014; Hamel & Côt e, 2008; Lima, 1998; Lima & Dill, 1990; Toïgo, 1999).”
BackgroundPeripheral injury alters schooling behavior in squid, Doryteuthis pealeii
Oshima, M. C., von Treuheim, T. D. P., Carroll, J., Hanlon, R. T., Walters, E. T., & Crook, R. J. (2016) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2016.04.008 · Cited by 27
Chassagneux, A., Calenge, C., Siat, V., Mortz, P., Baubet, É., & Saı̈d, S. (2019) · Wildlife Biology · doi:10.2981/wlb.00545 · Cited by 26
Hoo are you? Tits do not respond to novel predators as threats
Carlson, N. V., Healy, S. D., & Templeton, C. N. (2017) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.04.006 · Cited by 25
“…species as a predator and taking y, University of St Andrews, , Scotland, U.K.; C. N. Tem3 College Way, Forest Grove, arlson), templeton@pacificu. er Ltd on behalf of The Association . evasive action to avoid being injured or eaten (Caro, 2005; Creel et al., 2014; Cresswell, 2008; Lima, 1998).”
BackgroundSpatiotemporal pattern of interactions between an apex predator and sympatric species
Prat-Guitart, M., Onorato, D. P., Hines, J. E., & Oli, M. K. (2020) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyaa071 · Cited by 27
Badihi, G., Bodden, K., Zuberbühler, K., Samuni, L., & Hobaiter, C. (2022) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.220904 · Cited by 24
Temporal shift in activity patterns of Himalayan marmots in relation to pastoralism
Poudel, B. S., Spooner, P. G., & Matthews, A. (2015) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arv083 · Cited by 23
Effects of lions on behaviour and endocrine stress in plains zebras
Périquet, S., Richardson, P., Cameron, E. Z., Ganswindt, A., Belton, L. E., Loubser, E., & Dalerum, F. (2017) · Ethology · doi:10.1111/eth.12638 · Cited by 22
“These factors are also likely to interact in complex ways (Preisser et al. 2009; Creel et al. 2014).”
BackgroundLandscape Level Effects of Lion Presence (Panthera leo) on Two Contrasting Prey Species
Chizzola, M., Belton, L. E., Ganswindt, A., Greco, I., Hall, G., Swanepoel, L. H., & Dalerum, F. (2018) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2018.00191 · Cited by 24
“, 2005), and recent studies have shown that ungulates may use immediate cues about predation risk when selecting where to forage (Valeix et al., 2009; Creel et al., 2014).”
BackgroundDoes death drive the scaling of life?
Glazier, D. S. (2024) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.13153 · Cited by 24
“…Peckarsky et al ., 1993; Lüning, 1994; Wooster & Sih, 1995; Lima, 2009; Hawlena & Schmitz, 2010; Møller & Erritzøe, 2010; Glazier & Deptola, 2011; Creel, Schuette & Christianson, 2014; Sheriff & Thaler, 2014; Møller, Kwiecinski & Tryjanowski, 2017; Glazier et al ., 2020 a ; Koch, Hall &…”
Setsaas, T. H., Hunninck, L., Jackson, C. R., May, R. F., & Røskaft, E. (2018) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00467 · Cited by 23
“In a social ungulate species such as the impala, group size can play an important role in group functions (Jarman, 1974), anti-predator behaviour (Creel et al., 2014), and intraspecific competition while foraging (Fritz and GarineWichatitsky, 1996).”
BackgroundJung, T. S. (2020) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01303 · Cited by 23
Burton, A. C., Beirne, C., Sun, C., Granados, A., Procko, M., Chen, C., Fennell, M., Constantinou, A., Colton, C., Tjaden‐McClement, K., et al. (2022) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.9108 · Cited by 23
“Ultimately, animal behaviors are complex and influenced by many interrelated factors (Creel et al., 2014; Moll et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMuller, Z., Cuthill, I. C., & Harris, S. (2018) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/jzo.12571 · Cited by 23
“, 2011) may occur 51 due to animals altering the time they invest in vigilance and foraging behaviours (Brown & Kotler, 52 2004) or by changing patterns of habitat use, which influences their ability to forage successfully (Sih 53 & McCarthy, 2002; Creel et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe role of vigilance on a discrete-time predator-prey model
Ziyad Alsharawi, A., Pal, N., & Chattopadhyay, J. (2022) · Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - B · doi:10.3934/dcdsb.2022017 · Cited by 22
Komodo dragons are not ecological analogs of apex mammalian predators
Jessop, T. S., Ariefiandy, A., Forsyth, D. M., Purwandana, D., White, C. R., Benu, Y. J., Madsen, T. R. L., Harlow, H. J., & Letnic, M. (2020) · Ecology · doi:10.1002/ecy.2970 · Cited by 23
Muller, Z., Cuthill, I. C., & Harris, S. (2019) · Ethology · doi:10.1111/eth.12923 · Cited by 19
Scheijen, C. P. J., van der Merwe, S., Ganswindt, A., & Deacon, F. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11051239 · Cited by 23
“Grouping and vigilance amongst prey species are complementary responses to risk [59].”
BackgroundKelm, D. H., Toelch, U., & Jones, M. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Zoology · doi:10.1186/s12983-021-00437-6 · Cited by 21
Urbanization affects the behavior of a predator-free ungulate in protected lands
Maurer, A. S., Cove, M. V., Siegal, O. M., & Lashley, M. A. (2022) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104391 · Cited by 22
Short-term social dynamics following anthropogenic and natural disturbances in a free-living mammal
Gall, G. E. C., Evans, J., Silk, M. J., Ortiz‐Jimenez, C. A., & Smith, J. E. (2022) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arac032 · Cited by 20
Species’ traits as predictors of avoidance towards roads and traffic
Duffett, D., D’Amico, M., Mulero‐Pázmány, M., & González‐Suárez, M. (2020) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106402 · Cited by 19
Sleep in the lesser mouse-deer (Tragulus kanchil)
Lyamin, O. I., Siegel, J. M., Nazarenko, E. A., & Rozhnov, V. V. (2021) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab199 · Cited by 19
“They rely on coordinated action and increased vigilant behavior [31, 32].”
BackgroundHuang, X., Kanwal, J. S., Jiang, T., Long, Z., Luo, B., Yue, X., Gu, Y., & Feng, J. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0132817 · Cited by 19
Dröge, E., Creel, S., Becker, M. S., Christianson, D., M’soka, J., & Watson, F. G. R. (2019) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.02.031 · Cited by 18
“Annual photosynthetic cycles are conspicuous from leaf to landscape levels, and the 296 influence of these cycles on diet quality can be measured by fecal chlorophyll concentration 297 (Christianson & Creel 2009, 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMerrill, E. H., Killeen, J., Pettit, J., Trottier, M., Martin, H., Berg, J., Bohm, H., Eggeman, S., & Hebblewhite, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2020.00269 · Cited by 19
“First, the extent of response may reflect the frequency of reactive vs proactive responses to the risk of predation (Creel et al., 2014; Moll et al., 2017; Cusack et al., 2020).”
BackgroundWronski, T., Bariyanga, J. D., Apio, A., & Plath, M. W. (2015) · The Rangeland Journal · doi:10.1071/rj15025 · Cited by 18
Dynamics of a two-prey one-predator model with fear and group defense: A study in parameter planes
Kumbhakar, R., Hossain, M., & Pal, N. (2024) · Chaos Solitons & Fractals · doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2023.114449 · Cited by 18
Metadata
- Authors
- Creel, S., Schuette, P., & Christianson, D.
- Affiliations
- Montana State University (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Venue
- Behavioral Ecology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2014-04-06
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 773-784
- ISSN
- 1045-2249 (ISSN-L)
- 1465-7279
- OpenAlex
- W2106228428
- Semantic Scholar
- 5549597fcba6c62940491abffdc7ea645c812f77
- Cited by
- 330
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 14.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavioral Ecology (publishedVersion)
- Montana State University ScholarWorks (Montana State University) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1145749, 0642393)
- Panthera
- Montana State University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
- Keywords
- predation risk, antipredator behavior, group size, sustained attention, foraging costs, ungulates, zebra, wildebeest, Grant's gazelle, impala, giraffe, lion, spotted hyena, predator-prey interactions, African savanna
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