The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 63 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of predation risk on group size, vigilance, and foraging behavior in an African ungulate community
Abstract
Predators alter prey dynamics by direct killing and through the costs of antipredator responses or risk effects.Antipredator behavior includes proactive responses to long-term variation in risk (e.g., grouping patterns) and reactive responses to short-term variation in risk (e.g., intense vigilance).In a 3-year field study, we measured variation in antipredator responses and the foraging costs of these responses for 5 ungulates (zebra, wildebeest, Grant's gazelle, impala, and giraffe) that comprised more than 90% of the prey community available to the 2 locally dominant predators, lions and spotted hyenas.Using a model-selection approach, we examined how vigilance and group size responded to attributes of the predator, prey, and environment.We found that 1) the strength of antipredator responses was affected by attributes of the predator, prey, and environment in which they met; 2) grouping and vigilance were complementary responses; 3) grouping was a proactive response to the use of dangerous habitats, whereas vigilance was a reactive response to finer cues about predation risk; 4) increased vigilance caused a large reduction in foraging for some species (but not all); and 5) there was no clear relationship between direct predation rates and the foraging costs of antipredator responses.Broadly, our results show that antipredator responses and their costs vary in a complex manner among prey species, the predators they face, and the environment in which they meet.
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“Gregarious animals in general increase grouping patterns during risky conditions to increase their chances of detecting a predator [41].”
From Effects of Vegetation Structure on the Location of Lion Kill Sites in African Thicket (2016) · cites this paper as [41]
Citations
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“In contrast, elk (Cervus elaphus) shifted out of preferred grazing sites in open meadows into the cover of coniferous woodland in response to the immediate presence of wolves (Canis lupus) (Creel et al. 2005).”
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Huang, Y., & Ezenwa, V. O. (2025) · Ecology · doi:10.1002/ecy.70188
For birds, flocks promise safety – especially if you’re faster than your neighbor
Strassmann, J. E. (2025) · doi:10.64628/aai.6m55uyfdd
Odours from killed conspecifics affect survival and population dynamics in a spider mite
Simkhada, R., Kundun, J., Sofkova‐Bobcheva, S., & He, X. Z. (2025) · Experimental and Applied Acarology · doi:10.1007/s10493-025-01081-z
“…predation stress in the absence of predators, including alterations to their behaviors, habitat use, and physiology (Hawlena and Schmitz 2010 ; Creel et al. 2014 ; Sheriff et al. 2020; Batabyal 2023), as well as shifts in their reproductive investments (Fischer et al. 2012; Wineland et al.…”
Sahoo, K., Sahoo, B., & Poria, S. (2025) · Physica Scripta · doi:10.1088/1402-4896/ae229b
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Wild ungulate use of underpasses: tunnel length and availability of crossing opportunity matters
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Ahmad, K., Nigam, P., & Suhail, I. (2026) · Mammalia · doi:10.1515/mammalia-2024-0152
“…aggregation of wild yak, kiang, and chiru during winters can also be attributed to various ecological factors, such as births (Byers 1997; Shi et al. 2016), increased predation pressure (Creel et al. 2014), and anti-predatory strategies to cope with harsh winter conditions (Creel et al. 2014).”
Jeu spatial et interactions comportementales dans la relation prédateur-proie
Patin, R. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/98458993zc490z40b8zbedbz14ccde1af272
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Ecology of predator-prey and predator-predator interactions in a multi-predator context
Say‐Sallaz, E. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/c502abd0z65c5z46fbzbe42z9cbb3e3917ac
Slovikosky, S. A., Dick, C. M., Watum, P., Kasozi, H., & Montgomery, R. A. (2026) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2026.111831
Networking under pressure: Environment and population density shape fish grouping structures
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Fear-mediated invasion dynamics in a two-predator–one-prey model
Öztürk, H. M. (2026) · The European Physical Journal Plus · doi:10.1140/epjp/s13360-026-07832-0
Prey vigilance and predator deterrence
Sirot, E. (2026) · Evolutionary Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10682-026-10404-4
“Logically, predation risk was identified as a major driver of vigilance patterns (e.g., Périquet et al. 2012; Creel et al. 2014).”
Differential weighting of lion vocalizations and oxpecker alarm calls in giraffes
Baotic, A. (2026) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arag099
“Lion vocalizations, for example, can rapidly increase vigilance and defensive behavior in African herbivores despite not necessarily indicating immediate hunting activity (Creel et al. 2014; Rigoudy et al. 2022).”
Semenzato, P., Morellet, N., Ramanzin, M., Ossi, F., Sturaro, E., & Cagnacci, F. (2026) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2026.123658
Sampedro, A., Kusi, N., Gurung, S., López‐Bao, J. V., & Werhahn, G. (2026) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2026.e04362
Weather Effects on the Haul‐Out Behaviour of Ringed Seals in the Amundsen Gulf
Ward, L., Loosen, A. E., Barbosa, M., Chartier, M., Nicholls, C., Juanes, F., Halliday, W. D., & Insley, S. J. (2026) · Marine Ecology · doi:10.1111/maec.70114
“…perceive risks associated with predation, grouped haul-outs during the moulting period may be an anti-predator behaviour; large group size could protect individuals through dilution of risk (Vine 1973; Creel et al. 2014), and may allow for better predator detection (da Silva and Terhune 1988).”
verma, R., & Dutta, S. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7309611
Chital group size: More about food, less about fear in predator‐dominated tropical forests
Awasthi, N., Kumar, U., Qureshi, Q., & Jhala, Y. V. (2026) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1002/eap.70321
Bouveroux, T., Cantor, M., Berggren, P., Dulau, V., Estrade, V., Pérez‐Jorge, S., Sharpe, M., & Kiszka, J. J. (2026) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-026-03812-7
“…conspecifics, individuals can develop social bonds that enhance vigilance and reduce predation risk (e.g., Elgar 1989; Magurran 1990; Stanford 1995; Creel et al. 2014), improve prey detection and foraging efficiency (e.g., Langen and Vehrencamp 1998; Heithaus 2005 ; Vaughn et al. 2010), and…”
Vivas, I., Jędrzejewski, W., Abarca, M., Morales, L. G., Lau, P., Mata, A., Viloria, Á. L., Lampo, M., Hoogesteijn, R., Weisz, M. D. M., et al. (2026) · Wildlife Biology · doi:10.1002/wlb3.01729
Metadata
- Authors
- Creel, S., Schuette, P., & Christianson, D.
- Affiliations
- Montana State University (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Venue
- Behavioral Ecology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2014-04-06
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 773-784
- ISSN
- 1045-2249 (ISSN-L)
- 1465-7279
- OpenAlex
- W2106228428
- Semantic Scholar
- 5549597fcba6c62940491abffdc7ea645c812f77
- Cited by
- 330
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 14.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavioral Ecology (publishedVersion)
- Montana State University ScholarWorks (Montana State University) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1145749, 0642393)
- Panthera
- Montana State University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
- Keywords
- predation risk, antipredator behavior, group size, sustained attention, foraging costs, ungulates, zebra, wildebeest, Grant's gazelle, impala, giraffe, lion, spotted hyena, predator-prey interactions, African savanna
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