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Nonparametric estimates of standard error: The jackknife, the bootstrap and other methods
Abstract
We discuss several nonparametric methods for attaching a standard error to a point estimate: the jackknife, the bootstrap, half-sampling, subsampling, balanced repeated replications, the infinitesimal jackknife, influence function techniques and the delta method. The last three methods are shown to be identical. All the methods derive from the same basic idea, which is also the idea underlying the common parametric methods. Extended numerical comparisons are made for the special case of the correlation coefficient.
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“First, some data within this study was not normally distributed. Typically used parametric methods would have led to biased results. Non-parametric tests and bootstrap were used in the analyses to obtain robust results [53–55].”
From Impact of an acceptance facilitating intervention on psychotherapists' acceptance of blended therapy (2020) · cites this paper as [53]
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Metadata
- Authors
- EFRON, B.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- EFRON, BRADLEY
- Venue
- Biometrika
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1981
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 589-599
- ISSN
- 0006-3444 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-3510
- OpenAlex
- W2006820723
- Cited by
- 1,399
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 94 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 69 · 2015: 79 · 2014: 60 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 73
- FWCI
- 7.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biometrika (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Survey Sampling and Estimation Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Statistical Methods and Models
- Keywords
- standard error estimation, nonparametric statistics, jackknife, bootstrapping, subsampling, balanced repeated replication, influence function, delta method, correlation coefficient, variance estimation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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