Cited by 152Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum DisordersDeep Brain Stimulation and Movement DisordersNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

THE NEUROLOGY OF OBSESSIONAL SLOWNESS

HYMAS, N., LEES, A., BOLTON, D., EPPS, K., HEAD, D.·1991·Brain

DOI 10.1093/brain/114.5.2203

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Seventeen of 59 patients admitted to hospital for treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) were found to have significant slowness, mainly due to difficulty in initiating goal-directed action and suppressing intrusive and perseverative behaviour. In this subgroup subtle neurological abnormalities were found more frequently than in healthy controls and included loss of motor fluency, hesitancy of initiation of limb movements, speech and gait abnormalities, cogwheel rigidity, complex repetitive movements and tics. Difficulties in cognitive set-shifting and complex spatial-and-shifting abilities were found on neuropsychological testing, but no correlation was found between these disturbances and either the degree of obsessionality or the severity of motor dysfunction. These results suggest that patients with obsessional slowness may have a dysfunction in the frontal-basal-ganglia loop system.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/brain/114.5.2203

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Sorted by citations

The neuropsychology of obsessive compulsive disorder: the importance of failures in cognitive and behavioural inhibition as candidate endophenotypic markers
Chamberlain, S. R., Blackwell, A. D., Fineberg, N. A., Robbins, T. W., & Sahakian, B. J. (2005) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.11.006 · Cited by 830
“Some studies have identified set-shifting deficits in OCD using the WCST (Hymas et al., 1991; Okasha et al., 2000), but others have not identified such deficits (Abbruzzese et al., 1995, 1997; Moritz et al., 2001, 2002).”
A critical evaluation of obsessive–compulsive disorder subtypes: Symptoms versus mechanisms
McKay, D., Abramowitz, J. S., Calamari, J. E., Kyrios, M., Radomsky, A. S., Sookman, D., Taylor, S. J., & Wilhelm, S. (2004) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.04.003 · Cited by 666
Toward a Neuroanatomy of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Insel, T. R. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820090067011 · Cited by 458
Functional Anatomy of Obsessive–Compulsive Phenomena
McGuire, P. K., Bench, C. J., Frith, C., Marks, I. M., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Dolan, R. J. (1994) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.164.4.459 · Cited by 453
“Insel (1992) has suggested that dysfunction in this network underlies compulsive phenomena.”
Background
Neuropsychological performance in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a critical review
Kuelz, A. K., Hohagen, F., & Voderholzer, U. (2004) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2003.07.007 · Cited by 436
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Is Associated With Broad Impairments in Executive Function: A Meta-Analysis
Snyder, H. R., Kaiser, R. H., Warren, S. L., & Heller, W. (2015) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614534210 · Cited by 325
“Researchers thus have proposed that individuals with OCD show a general slowing of motor responses, potentially because of abnormalities in the neuromotor system (e.g., Hymas et al., 1991).”
Background
[18F]FDG PET Study in Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Perani, D., Colombo, C., Bressi, S., Bonfanti, A., Grassi, F., Scarone, S., Bellodi, L., Smeraldi, E., & Fazio, F. (1995) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.166.2.244 · Cited by 320
Frontal Lobe Deficits after Head Injury: Unity and Diversity of Function
Duncan Roger Johnson Michaela Swale, J. (1997) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/026432997381420 · Cited by 275
Specific cognitive deficits in tests sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Veale, D. M., Sahakian, B. J., Owen, A. M., & Marks, I. M. (1996) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700035984 · Cited by 239
WILLED ACTION AND ITS IMPAIRMENTS
Jahanshahi, M. (1998) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/026432998381005 · Cited by 234
Practice Parameters for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
King, R. A., Leonard, H., & March, J. S. (1998) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199810001-00003 · Cited by 199
The role of the orbitofrontal cortex in normally developing compulsive-like behaviors and obsessive–compulsive disorder
Evans, D. W., Lewis, M. D., & Iobst, E. (2004) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0278-2626(03)00274-4 · Cited by 188
The insular Lobe of Reil–its Anatamico-Functional, behavioural and Neuropsychiatric attributes in humans–a review
Shelley, B. P., & Trimble, M. (2004) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622970410029933 · Cited by 172
“The neurological, neuropsychological and radiological studies did not demonstrate frontal lobe or basal ganglia dysfunctions commonly seen with patients with OCD (Hymas et al. 1991).”
BackgroundInfluential
Obsessions and Compulsions as a Distinct Cluster of Symptoms in Schizophrenia: A Neuropsychological Study
Berman, I., Merson, A., Viegner, B., LOSONCZY, M. F., Pappas, D. M., & Green, A. I. (1998) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199803000-00003 · Cited by 159
Stereotypies in caged parrots, schizophrenia and autism: evidence for a common mechanism
Garner, J. P., Meehan, C. L., & Mench, J. A. (2003) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(03)00115-3 · Cited by 153
Heterogeneity of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A literature review
Lochner, C., & Stein, D. J. (2003) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/10673220303949 · Cited by 143
Dysphagia—Ingestion or Deglutition?: A Proposed Paradigm
Leopold, N. A., & Kagel, M. C. (1997) · Dysphagia · doi:10.1007/pl00009537 · Cited by 134
“impair movement, e.g., obsessive compulsive slowness [ 25 ].”
Background
Motor abnormalities: from neurodevelopmental to neurodegenerative through “functional” (neuro)psychiatric disorders
Peralta, V., & Cuesta, M. J. (2017) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx089 · Cited by 133
Prevalence of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Schizophrenia and Significance of Motor Symptoms
Krüger, S., Bräunig, P., Höffler, J., Shugar, G., Börner, I., & Langkrär, J. (2000) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.12.1.16 · Cited by 123
The extended fronto-striatal model of obsessive compulsive disorder: convergence from event-related potentials, neuropsychology and neuroimaging
Melloni, M., Urbistondo, C., Sedeño, L., Gelormini‐Lezama, C., Kichic, R., & Ibáñez, A. M. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00259 · Cited by 113
“To examine set-shifting abilities in OCD, a number of investigations have employed the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST; Berg, 1948), the Object Alternation Test (OAT; Freedman, 1990) and/or the Delayed Alternation Test (DAT; Freedman and OscarBerman, 1986).”
ResultInfluential
Are there reliable neuropsychological deficits in obsessive–compulsive disorder?
Simpson, H. B., Rosen, W. G., Huppert, J. D., Lin, S., Foa, E. B., & Liebowitz, M. R. (2005) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.04.004 · Cited by 100
Motor inhibition in trichotillomania and obsessive–compulsive disorder
Bohne, A., Savage, C. R., Deckersbach, T., Keuthen, N. J., & Wilhelm, S. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.11.008 · Cited by 97
Visuospatial Abilities, Memory, and Executive Functioning in Trichotillomania and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Bohne, A., Savage, C. R., Deckersbach, T., Keuthen, N. J., Jenike, M. A., Tuschen‐Caffier, B., & Wilhelm, S. (2005) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390490520418 · Cited by 95
“Some researchers reported impaired performance of OCD participants ( Hymas, Lees, Bolton, Epps, & Head, 1991 ; Lucey et al, 1997 ), while data from other studies indicate preserved functioning ( Beers et al, 1999 ; Deckersbach, Otto, et al, 2000 ; Gross-Isseroff et al, 1996 ).”
Result
Tourettism associated with Huntington's disease
Jankovic, J. J., & Ashizawa, T. (1995) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.870100116 · Cited by 95
Neuropsychological function in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Tükel, R., Gürvit, H., Ertekin, B. A., Oflaz, S., Ertekin, E., Baran, B., Kalem, Ş. A., Kandemir, P. E., Özdemiroğlu, F. A., & Atalay, F. (2012) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.03.007 · Cited by 89
Electrophysiological correlates of behavioral response inhibition in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder
Kim, M.-S., Kim, Y. Y., Yoo, S. Y., & Kwon, J. S. (2007) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20195 · Cited by 90
“, 2004], whereas other studies have reported detecting set-shifting deficits [Aycicegi et al., 2003; Hymas et al., 1991; Veale et al., 1996], and decisionmaking [Cavedini et al.”
Result
Visual attention in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Nelson, E. C., Early, T. S., & Haller, J. (1993) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(93)90104-o · Cited by 86
Obsessivecompulsive disorder and traumatic brain injury: behavioral, cognitive, and neuroimaging findings.
Berthier, M. L., Kulisevsky, J., Gironell, A., & López, O. L. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 83
The role of working memory in compulsive checking and OCD: A systematic classification of 58 experimental findings
Harkin, B., & Kessler, K. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.06.004 · Cited by 89
A study of neuropsychological deficit in children with obsessive-compulsive disorder
Shin, M.-S., Choi, H., Kim, H., Hwang, J.-W., Kim, B.-N., & Cho, S.-C. (2008) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.03.010 · Cited by 81
Rituals Improve Children's Ability to Delay Gratification
Rybanska, V., McKay, R., Jong, J., & Whitehouse, H. (2017) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12762 · Cited by 85
Kinematic analysis of handwriting movements in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder
Mavrogiorgou, P. (2001) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.70.5.605 · Cited by 78
Neurological and neuropsychological signs in obsessive compulsive disorder: interaction with behavioural treatment
Bolton, D., Raven, P., Madronal-Luque, R., & Marks, I. M. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00139-4 · Cited by 72
Self-citation
A meta-analytic review of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and verbal fluency performance in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Henry, J. D. (2006) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800444000227 · Cited by 70
A Role for Electrotonic Coupling in the Striatum in the Expression of Dopamine Receptor-mediated Stereotypies,
Moore, H. M. (2002) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(02)00383-4 · Cited by 72
“…may have relevance for diseases such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, drug abuse, and schizophrenia, or other disorders that are associated with disruption of cognitive and/or motor sequencing (Berger et al. 1989; Cools et al. 2001; Hymas et al. 1991; Ridley 1994; Sullivan et al. 2001).”
Background
Differences in Neuropsychological Performance Between Subtypes of Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Nedeljkovic, M., Kyrios, M., Moulding, R., Doron, G., Wainwright, K., Pantelis, C., Purcell, R., & Maruff, P. (2009) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670802653273 · Cited by 67
“Research investigating neuropsychological profiles across symptom-based OCD subtypes has focused largely on patients with checking rituals [24 26], although less common subtypes such as hoarding [27] and obsessional slowness [28] have also been examined.”
Background
Neurological Soft Signs in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Standardised Assessment and Comparison with Schizophrenia
Bolton, D., Gibb, W. R. G., Lees, A. J., Raven, P., Gray, J. A., Chen, E. Y. H., & Shafran, R. (1999) · Behavioural Neurology · doi:10.1155/1999/639045 · Cited by 62
“Studies of soft signs have generally not reported intelligence levels or interactions with levels of soft signs in OCD [30, 33].”
Self-citation
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients with Concurrent Tourette's Disorder and Asperger's Syndrome
Berthier, M. L., Bayes, A., & TOLOSA, E. S. (1993) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199305000-00021 · Cited by 59
Association of QEEG Findings with Clinical Characteristics of OCD: Evidence of Left Frontotemporal Dysfunction
Tot, Ş., Özge, A., Çömelekoğlu, Ü., Yazıcı, K., & Bal, N. (2002) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370204700605 · Cited by 60
Poor fine‐motor and visuospatial skills predict persistence of pediatric‐onset obsessive‐compulsive disorder into adulthood
Bloch, M. H., Sukhodolsky, D. G., Dombrowski, P. A., Panza, K. E., Craiglow, B. G., Landeros‐Weisenberger, A., Leckman, J. F., Peterson, B. S., & Schultz, R. T. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02366.x · Cited by 59
“…neurological soft signs have been reported in children with OCD and associated with obsessive slowness, these neuropsychological deficits may be associated with development and persistence of psychological illness in general (Hymas et al., 1991, Bihari et al., 1991, Hollander et al., 1990).”
Background
Cognitive deficits in obsessive–compulsive disorder on tests of frontal lobe functions
Fenger, M., Gade, A., Adams, K. H., Hansen, E. S., Bolwig, T. G., & Knudsen, G. M. (2005) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039480510018814 · Cited by 54
Cognitive control in childhood-onset obsessive–compulsive disorder: a functional MRI study
VIARD, A., FLAMENT, M. F., ARTIGES, E., DEHAENE, S., NACCACHE, L., COHEN, D., MAZET, P., MOUREN, M.-C., & MARTINOT, J.-L. (2005) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291704004295 · Cited by 54
“Obsessional slowness has been consistently reported during neuropsychological testing (Hymas et al. 1991; Galderisi et al. 1995).”
Background
Relation of Neurological Soft Signs to Nonverbal Memory Performance in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Mataix‐Cols, D., Alonso, P., Hernández, R., Deckersbach, T., Savage, C. R., Menchón, J. M., & Vallejo, J. (2003) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/jcen.25.6.842.16470 · Cited by 53
Affective and neuropsychological correlates of children’s rituals and compulsive-like behaviors: Continuities and discontinuities with obsessive–compulsive disorder
Pietrefesa, A. S., & Evans, D. W. (2007) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2006.02.007 · Cited by 50
Lack of evidence for huntington's disease-like cognitive dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Martin, A. D., Pigott, T. A., Lalonde, F. M., Dalton, I. E., Dubbert, B. K., & Murphy, D. L. (1993) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(93)90323-6 · Cited by 49
Neurobiology of Childhood Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Fitzgerald, K. D., MacMaster, F. P., Paulson, L. A. D., & Rosenberg, D. R. (1999) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s1056-4993(18)30168-8 · Cited by 49
Classification and Treatment of Obsessional Slowness
Veale, D. M. (1993) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.162.2.198 · Cited by 47
Projection-specific deficits in synaptic transmission in adult Sapap3-knockout mice
Hadjas, L. C., Schartner, M. M., Cand, J., Creed, M. C., Pascoli, V., Lüscher, C., & Simmler, L. D. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-020-0747-3 · Cited by 46
Speed and accuracy on tests of executive function in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Roth, R. M., Baribeau, J. M. C., Milovan, D. L., & O’Connor, K. P. (2004) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2004.02.053 · Cited by 45
The Neurologic Examination in Adult Psychiatry
Sanders, R. D., & Keshavan, M. S. (1998) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.10.4.395 · Cited by 45
Schizo-obsessive and obsessive-compulsive disorder: Comparison of clinical characteristics and neurological soft signs
Sevinçok, L., Akoğlu, A., & Arslantaş, H. (2006) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.11.010 · Cited by 43
Neurological soft signs in female trichotillomania patients, obsessive- compulsive disorder patients, and healthy control subjects
Stein, D. J., Hollander, E., Simeon, D., Cohen, L. J., Islam, M. N., & Aronowitz, B. (1994) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.6.2.184 · Cited by 43
Annotation: Developmental Issues in Obsessive‐Compulsive Disorder
Bolton, D. (1996) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01384.x · Cited by 44
Self-citation
Neuropsychological abnormalities in obsessive-compulsive disorder and their assessments
Cox, C. (1997) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540269775583 · Cited by 39
Movement disorders in psychiatric patients
Perju‐Dumbrava, L., & Kempster, P. A. (2020) · BMJ Neurology Open · doi:10.1136/bmjno-2020-000057 · Cited by 38
Clinical and neuropsychological correlates in two brothers with pantothenate kinase–associated neurodegeneration
Marelli, C., Piacentini, S. H. M. J., Garavaglia, B., et al. (2004) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.20282 · Cited by 39
Neuropsychological Models of Childhood Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Schultz, R. T., Evans, D. W., & Wolff, M. (1999) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s1056-4993(18)30167-6 · Cited by 38
The brain in obsessive-compulsive disorder.
McGuire, P. K. (1995) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.59.5.457 · Cited by 37
Cognitive and neurobiological findings in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Anderson, K. E., & Savage, C. R. (2004) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(03)00107-2 · Cited by 36
“Soft sign abnormalities may be more common in medication-free OCD patients than in normal controls, and they may appear with higher frequency in those with obsessional slowness [5,72].”
Background
Obsessional slowness in Down's syndrome
Charlot, L., Fox, S., & Friedlander, R. I. (2002) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2788.2002.00419.x · Cited by 36
Rigidly applied rules? Revisiting inflexibility in obsessive compulsive disorder using multilevel meta-analysis
Fradkin, I., Strauss, A. Y., Pereg, M., & Huppert, J. D. (2018) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702618756069 · Cited by 35
Neurological soft signs in obsessive-compulsive disorder: two empirical studies and meta-analysis
Jaafari, N., de la Cruz, L. F., Grau, M., Knowles, E., Raduà, J., Wooderson, S. C., Segalàs, C., Alonso, P., Phillips, M. L., Menchón, J. M., et al. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712002012 · Cited by 35
“Regarding the lack of medication effects, the results are consistent with several studies that found no influence of medication on NSS in OCD (Bihari et al. 1991; Hymas et al. 1991; Thienemann & Koran, 1995 ; Caramelli et al. 1996; Bolton et al. 1998; Guz & Aygun, 2004 ; Poyurovsky et al. 2007; Salama et al. 2008; Jaa…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor gene Val66Met polymorphism and cognitive function in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Tükel, R., Gurvit, H. I., Özata, B., Öztürk, N., Ertekin, B. A., Ertekin, E., Baran, B., Kalem, Ş. A., Büyükgök, D., & Direskeneli, G. S. (2012) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32092 · Cited by 33
“…1991; Abbruzzese et al., 1995; Gross-Isseroff et al., 1996; Abbruzzese et al., 1997;Deckersbach et al., 2000;Moritz et al., 2001; Moritz et al., 2002], some studies have reported deficits in WCST [Boone et al., 1991; Hymas et al., 1991; Lucey et al., 1997; Okasha et al., 2000; Tukel et al., 2012].”
Result
The metabolic effects of limbic leucotomy in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.
Sawle, G. V., Lees, A. J., Hymas, N., Brooks, D. J., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1993) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.56.9.1016 · Cited by 33
Self-citation
Psychobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: anatomical and physiological considerations
Hoehn‐Saric, R., & Greenberg, B. D. (1997) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540269775565 · Cited by 33
Unilateral parkinsonism and stereotyped movements following a right lenticular infarction
Kulisevsky, J., Berthier, M. L., Ávila, A., et al. (1996) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.870110630 · Cited by 32
Understudied Clinical Dimensions in Pediatric Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Lewin, A. B., Caporino, N. E., Murphy, T. K., Geffken, G. R., & Storch, E. A. (2010) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-010-0196-z · Cited by 32
“Slowness in patients with OCD may be due to a hindrance in initiating goal-directed behavior as well as substantial consumption of neurocognitive resources by suppressing obsessive thoughts and/or engaging in ritualistic behavior [ 51 ].”
Background
Revisiting the Syndrome of “Obsessional Slowness”
Ganos, C., Kassavetis, P., Cerdan, M., et al. (2015) · Movement Disorders Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/mdc3.12140 · Cited by 30
Cognitive event-related potentials differentiate schizophrenia with obsessive-compulsive disorder (schizo-OCD) from OCD and schizophrenia without OC symptoms
Pallanti, S., Castellini, G., Chamberlain, S. R., Quercioli, L., Zaccara, G., & Fineberg, N. A. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.11.002 · Cited by 29
“Our data seem to confirm a set-shifting deficit in OCD patients (Hymas et al., 1991; Okasha et al., 2000), and this deficit may be present in schizoOCD patients as well.”
BackgroundResult
Orbitofrontal cortex dysfunction in obsessive–compulsive disorder?
Zohar, J., Hermesh, H., Weizman, A., Voet, H., & Gross‐Isseroff, R. (1999) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(99)00019-x · Cited by 29
Obsessive-compulsive behaviour and cognitive impairment in a parkinsonian patient after left putaminal lesion.
Daniele, A., Bartolomeo, P., Cassetta, E., Bentivoglio, A. R., Gainotti, G., Albanese, A., & Partolomeo, B. (1997) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.62.3.288 · Cited by 27
THE CUT-OFF POINT IN SUB-CLINICAL OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE RESEARCH
Mataix‐Cols, D., Vallejo, J., & Sánchez‐Turet, M. (2000) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465800003039 · Cited by 27
“Although its psychometric properties are not available, it has been used in the study of the neurology of primary slow patients (Hymas et al., 1991) and it is routinely used in our unit.”
Background
Neurodevelopmental Antecedents and Sensory Phenomena in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A Systematic Review Supporting a Phenomenological-Developmental Model
Poletti, M., Gebhardt, E., Pelizza, L., Preti, A., & Raballo, A. (2022) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000526708 · Cited by 28
Impaired executive functions in paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder patients
Taner, Y. I., Bakar, E. E., & Öner, Ö. (2011) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2011.00562.x · Cited by 25
Neurobehavioral Correlates of Perceived Mental and Motor Slowness in HIV Infection and AIDS
López, O. L., Wess, J., Sanchez, J., et al. (1998) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.10.3.343 · Cited by 26
Memory functioning in obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Abbruzzese, M., Bellodi, L., Ferri, S., & Scarone, S. (1993) · PubMed · doi:10.3233/ben-1993-6301 · Cited by 26
Orbitofrontal cortex dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Hermesh, H., Zohar, J., Weizman, A., Voet, H., & Gross‐Isseroff, R. (1999) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(99)00018-8 · Cited by 24
Memory Functioning in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Abbruzzese, M., Bellodi, L., Ferri, S., & Scarone, S. (1993) · Behavioural Neurology · doi:10.1155/1993/574872 · Cited by 24
Uncomplicated and Comorbid Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in an Epidemiologic Sample
Hollander, E., Greenwald, S., Neville, D., Johnson, J., Hornig, C. D., & Weissman, M. M. (1998) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900007148 · Cited by 21
Neurological soft signs, dissociation and alexithymia in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and healthy subjects
Tapancı, Z., Yıldırım, A., & Boysan, M. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.058 · Cited by 20
Neuropsychologische Minderleistungen und Therapieerfolg bei der Zwangsstörung
Sieg, J., Leplow, B., & Hand, I. (1999) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000030679 · Cited by 19
“…die Patientengruppen beispielsweise in der «Formalen Wortflüssigkeit» bisher in drei Arbeiten signifikante Minderleistungen [Head et al., 1989; Hymas et al., 1991; Christensen et al., 1992], während sich in vier Arbeiten keine Unterschiede zwischen Patienten- und Kontrollstichprobe ergaben…”
Background
The relationship between cognitive phenotypes of compulsivity and impulsivity and clinical variables in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and Meta-analysis
Clarke, A. T., Fineberg, N. A., Pellegrini, L., & Laws, K. R. (2024) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2024.152491 · Cited by 22
Can a subgroup of OCD patients with motor abnormalities and poor therapeutic response be identified?
Mergl, R., Mavrogiorgou, P., Juckel, G., Zaudig, M., & Hegerl, U. (2005) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-004-2115-0 · Cited by 16
“…especially in the areas of motor coordination, sensory integration and primitive reflexes (Denckla 1989; Conde Lopez et al. 1990; Hollander et al. 1990; Bihari et al. 1991; Hymas et al. 1991; Khanna 1991; Nickoloff et al. 1991; Bolton et al. 1998; MataixCols et al. 2003; Guz and Aygun 2004).”
Background
Declarative and Procedural Learning in Individuals With Subclinical Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms
Mataix‐Cols, D. (2003) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/jcen.25.6.830.16477 · Cited by 16
“However, as in previous studies, the groups differed significantly on measures obsessional slowness (Hymas et al., 1991) and depression (BDI).”
BackgroundResult
Untitled work
(2013) · PubMed · Cited by 15
Obsessive-compulsive Disorder
Bolton, D. (1998) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0080-4270(73)00137-1 · Cited by 16
Self-citation
Neurocognitive Endophenotypes of OCD
Vaghi, M. M. S. (2021) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2020_197 · Cited by 17
Behavior at the Choice Point: Decision Making in Hidden Pathway Maze Learning
Thomas, E. H. X., Snyder, P. J., Pietrzak, R. H., & Maruff, P. T. (2014) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-014-9272-7 · Cited by 14
Actualización neuropsicológica del trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo
Martínez‐González, A. E., & Piqueras, J. A. (2008) · Revista de Neurología · doi:10.33588/rn.4610.2008064 · Cited by 13
Clinical Overview and Phenomenology of Movement Disorders
Fahn, S., Jankovic, J. J., Hallett, M., & Jenner, P. G. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-07941-2.50004-8 · Cited by 12
Comparative Study of Neurological Soft Signs in Patients with Schizophrenia or Obsessive-compulsive Disorder, and Healthy Controls.
Tripathi, R., Soni, A., Tyagi, A., Mehta, S., & Gupta, S. (2015) · PubMed · Cited by 12
Eye-hand preference dissociation in obsessive-compulsive disorder and dyslexia
Siviero, M. O., Rysovas, E. O., Juliano, Y., Porto, J. A. D., & Bertolucci, P. H. F. (2002) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/s0004-282x2002000200011 · Cited by 12
Neuropsychological and Clinical Profiles of Children and Adolescents Diagnosed with Childhood Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Baykal, S., Karabekiroğlu, K., Şenses, A., Karakurt, M. N., Çalik, T., & Yüce, M. (2014) · Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi · doi:10.5152/npa.2014.6862 · Cited by 11
Neuropsychological and Neurological Deficits in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: The Role of Comorbid Depression
Ghassemzadeh, H., Mojtabai, R., Karamghadiri, N., Noroozıan, M., Sharifi‎, V., & Ebrahimkhani, N. (2012) · International Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.4236/ijcm.2012.33040 · Cited by 11
“Patients were recruited from consecutive referrals to the Psychiatric Clinic of Roozbeh Hospital (a nationally well-known psychiatric and clinical psychology center), Tehran, Iran.”
Method
Drug‐Induced Parkinsonism
Friedman, J. H., Trieschmann, M. E., & Fernandez, H. H. (2005) · doi:10.1002/9780470753217.ch6 · Cited by 11
Use of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Autism
Park, S. E., Grados, M. A., Wachtel, L. E., & Kaji, S. (2020) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2020.03.003 · Cited by 9
Unrecognized Tourette Syndrome in Adult Patients Referred for Psychogenic Tremor
Kulisevsky, J., Berthier, M. L., Ávila, A., et al. (1998) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.55.3.409 · Cited by 9
Serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism is associated with executive function impairments in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder
Tükel, R., Alkaş, G. E., Gurvit, H. I., Ertekin, B. A., Ertekin, E., Baran, B., Kalem, Ş. A., & Direskeneli, G. S. (2016) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2016.1162329 · Cited by 10
A qualititative study of neurological soft signs in obsessive compulsive disorder and effect of comorbid psychotic spectrum disorders and familiality on its expression in Indian population
Malhotra, D. S., Borade, P. B., Sharma, P., et al. (2016) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2016.06.020 · Cited by 8
Use of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Autism
Park, S. E., Grados, M. A., Wachtel, L. E., & Kaji, S. (2021) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2020.11.003 · Cited by 9

Authors: HYMAS, N., LEES, A., BOLTON, D., EPPS, K., & HEAD, D.
Affiliations: Fulbourn Hospital (GB)
National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (GB)
Corresponding author: HYMAS, N.
ORCID: LEES, A.
BOLTON, D.
Venue: Brain
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 1991
Volume: 114
Issue: 5
Pages: 2203-2233
ISSN: 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
1460-2156
DOI: 10.1093/brain/114.5.2203
OpenAlex: W2041441236
Cited by: 152
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 5.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Brain (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: obsessive-compulsive disorder, motor fluency, perseveration, intrusive thoughts, cogwheel rigidity, tics, set-shifting, frontal lobe dysfunction, neuropsychological deficits
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Brain, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Motor Skills, Movement, Nervous System, Neuropsychological Tests, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Radionuclide Imaging, Time Factors

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

THE NEUROLOGY OF OBSESSIONAL SLOWNESS

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks