The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The perception of phantom limbs. The D. O. Hebb lecture
Open accessAbstract
Almost everyone who has a limb amputated will experience a phantom limb--the vivid impression that the limb is not only still present, but in some cases, painful. There is now a wealth of empirical evidence demonstrating changes in cortical topography in primates following deafferentation or amputation, and this review will attempt to relate these in a systematic way to the clinical phenomenology of phantom limbs. With the advent of non-invasive imaging techniques such as MEG (magnetoencephalogram) and functional MRI, topographical reorganization can also be demonstrated in humans, so that it is now possible to track perceptual changes and changes in cortical topography in individual patients. We suggest, therefore, that these patients provide a valuable opportunity not only for exploring neural plasticity in the adult human brain but also for understanding the relationship between the activity of sensory neurons and conscious experience. We conclude with a theory of phantom limbs, some striking demonstrations of phantoms induced in normal subjects, and some remarks about the relevance of these phenomena to the question of how the brain constructs a 'body image.'
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Rubber hands ‘feel’ touch that eyes see
Botvinick, M., & Cohen, J. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35784 · Cited by 4,410
Nudo, R. J., Wise, B. M., SiFuentes, F., & Milliken, G. W. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.272.5269.1791 · Cited by 1,911
Synaesthesia in phantom limbs induced with mirrors
(1996) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1996.0058 · Cited by 1,246
Self-citationPhantom limbs and the concept of a neuromatrix
Melzack, R. (1990) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(90)90179-e · Cited by 808
Visual disorientation with special reference to lesions OF the right cerebral hemisphere
BRAIN, W. R. (1941) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/64.4.244 · Cited by 735
Multiple Representations of the Body Within the Primary Somatosensory Cortex of Primates
Kaas, J. H., Nelson, R. J., Sur, M., Lin, C.-S., & Merzenich, M. M. (1979) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.107591 · Cited by 710
Hubel, D. H., & Wiesel, T. N. (1979) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0979-150 · Cited by 594
Perceptual filling in of artificially induced scotomas in human vision
Ramachandran, V. S., & Gregory, R. L. (1991) · Nature · doi:10.1038/350699a0 · Cited by 503
Self-citationSome proprioceptive influences on the perceptual representation of body shape and orientation.
LACKNER, J. R. (1988) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/111.2.281 · Cited by 500
Cited by
The biopsychosocial approach to chronic pain: Scientific advances and future directions.
Gatchel, R. J., Peng, Y. B., Peters, M. L., Fuchs, P. N., & Turk, D. C. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.4.581 · Cited by 3,392
Proske, U., & Gandevia, S. C. (2012) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00048.2011 · Cited by 2,223
The rubber hand illusion revisited: visuotactile integration and self-attribution
Tsakiris, M., & Haggard, P. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.31.1.80 · Cited by 1,328
Beyond the comparator model: A multifactorial two-step account of agency
Synofzik, M., Vosgerau, G., & Newen, A. (2008) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2007.03.010 · Cited by 1,050
Abnormalities in the awareness of action.
Blakemore, S.-J., Wolpert, D. M., & Frith, C. D. (2002) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(02)01907-1 · Cited by 947
Metadata
- Authors
- Ramachandran, V.
- Venue
- Brain
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1998-09-01
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1603-1630
- ISSN
- 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2156
- OpenAlex
- W2098655120
- Cited by
- 1,064
- References
- 9
- FWCI
- 18.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The perception of phantom limbs. The D. O. Hebb lecture. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/brain/121.9.1603
- The paper
- Ramachandran, V. (1998). The perception of phantom limbs. The D. O. Hebb lecture. Brain. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/121.9.1603
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.