The rubber hand illusion revisited: visuotactile integration and self-attribution
Abstract
Watching a rubber hand being stroked, while one's own unseen hand is synchronously stroked, may cause the rubber hand to be attributed to one's own body, to "feel like it's my hand." A behavioral measure of the rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a drift of the perceived position of one's own hand toward the rubber hand. The authors investigated (a) the influence of general body scheme representations on the RHI in Experiments 1 and 2 and (b) the necessary conditions of visuotactile stimulation underlying the RHI in Experiments 3 and 4. Overall, the results suggest that at the level of the process underlying the build up of the RHI, bottom-up processes of visuotactile correlation drive the illusion as a necessary, but not sufficient, condition. Conversely, at the level of the phenomenological content, the illusion is modulated by top-down influences originating from the representation of one's own body.
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MPS is associated with global, fully embodied self-consciousness and is experienced as a single coherent representation of the whole, spatially situated body, not as multiple representations of separate body parts.
“MPS is associated with global, fully embodied self-consciousness and is experienced as a single feature, namely a coherent representation of the whole, spatially situated bodyand not as multiple representations of separate body parts (i.e.finger [33,36], hand [12] or hemibody [37]).”
From Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood (2009) · cites this paper as [33]
The rubber-hand illusion is abolished when the stroking is asynchronous.
“The RHI is abolished when the stroking is asynchronous [32,33].”
From Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood (2009) · cites this paper as [33]
Asynchronous stroking abolishes or significantly reduces the illusion, which is a commonly used control condition.
“Asynchronous stroking abolishes or significantly reduces the illusion, which is a commonly used control condition2–4.”
From No specific relationship between hypnotic suggestibility and the rubber hand illusion (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
This precise temporal rule fits well with the temporal window of integration of multisensory cortical neurons, causal inference theories of multisensory integration, and the past body representation literature.
“This precise temporal rule fits well with the temporal window of integration of multisensory cortical neurons12, causal inference theories of multisensory integration7,11,13, and the past body representation literature2,3,5,7–11,14,15.”
From No specific relationship between hypnotic suggestibility and the rubber hand illusion (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
Synchronous stimulation causes the perceived location of one's own hand to drift towards the rubber hand.
“causes the perceived location of one's own hand to drift towards the rubber hand [47]”
From Changing bodies changes minds: Owning another body affects social cognition (2015) · cites this paper as [47]
Work in [29] showed that a non-humanoid appearance of the arm and left-right reversal does not produce the illusion, suggesting that there are limits imposed by top-down processing on the type of body and its configuration.
“The work described in [29], where it was shown that a non-humanoid appearance of the arm [29] and left-right reversal does not produce the illusion, suggests that there are clearly limits imposed by top down processing on the type of body and its configuration.”
From First person experience of body transfer in virtual reality (2010) · cites this paper as [29]
Tsakiris and Haggard [29] found that the illusion did not occur when a wooden stick was used in place of a rubber arm, nor when there was postural incongruence (left hand stimulated with the rubber hand being a right hand).
“However, this result was not reproduced by Tsakiris and Haggard [29] who found that the illusion did not occur when a wooden stick was used in place of a rubber arm, nor did it occur when there was postural incongruence (the left hand stimulated with the rubber hand being a right hand).”
From First person experience of body transfer in virtual reality (2010) · cites this paper as [29]
Tsakiris and Haggard [29] concluded that bottom-up influences provided a necessary but not sufficient condition for the illusion to occur.
“This led them to conclude that bottom up influences provided a necessary but not sufficient condition for the illusion to occur.”
From First person experience of body transfer in virtual reality (2010) · cites this paper as [29]
Under the rubber hand illusion, participants asked to localize their real hand are more likely to point closer to the rubber hand after stimulation compared to before.
“Under this illusory perception, participants when asked to localize their real hand they are more likely to point closer to the rubber hand after the stimulation compared to before [7], [9].”
From Extending body space in immersive virtual reality: a very long arm illusion (2012) · cites this paper as [9]
Correlating tactile stimulation of the real arm with visual stimulation of the artificial limb leads to a recalibration of position sense for the person's own arm.
“This leads to a recalibration of position sense for the person's own arm (3, 9, 46, 47).”
From Threatening a rubber hand that you feel is yours elicits a cortical anxiety response. (2007) · cites this paper as [46]
Producing the illusion that an artificial limb belongs to oneself requires correlating tactile stimulation of the real arm and visual stimulation of the artificial limb for an extended period.
“To produce the illusion that an artificial limb belongs to oneself, it is necessary to correlate tactile stimulation of the real arm and visual stimulation of the artificial limb for an extended period.”
From Threatening a rubber hand that you feel is yours elicits a cortical anxiety response. (2007) · cites this paper as [46]
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- Authors
- Tsakiris, M., & Haggard, P.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
- Published
- 2005
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 80-91
- ISSN
- 0096-1523 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1277
- OpenAlex
- W2049166294
- Cited by
- 1,328
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 68 · 2022: 92 · 2021: 99 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 110 · 2018: 81 · 2017: 76 · 2016: 79 · 2015: 81 · 2014: 76 · 2013: 74 · 2012: 47
- FWCI
- 42.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Royal Holloway Digital Repository (Royal Holloway University of London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- rubber hand illusion, visual-tactile integration, self-attribution, body schema, body ownership, bottom-up processing, top-down modulation, multisensory integration, hand position perception
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Form Perception, Humans, Male, Optical Illusions, Proprioception, Self Concept, Touch, Visual Perception
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