Immune surveillance of senescent cells--biological significance in cancer- and non-cancer pathologies
Open accessAbstract
Cellular senescence, a state of stable growth arrest, can occur in response to various stress stimuli such as telomere shortening, treatment with chemotherapeutic drugs or the aberrant activation of oncogenes. Senescent cells communicate with their environment by secreting various cytokines and growth factors, and it has become clear that this 'secretory phenotype' can have pro- as well as anti-tumorigenic effects. Recent work from our laboratory showed that premalignant, senescent hepatocytes are recognized and cleared through an antigen-specific immune response and that this immune response, designated as 'senescence surveillance' is crucial for tumor suppression in the liver [(Kang,T.W. et al. (2011) Senescence surveillance of pre-malignant hepatocytes limits liver cancer development. Nature, 479, 547-551]. It is an emerging concept that immune responses against senescent cells have a broader biological significance in cancer- as well as non-cancer pathologies and current data suggest that distinct immune responses are engaged to clear senescent cells in different disease settings. In this review article, we will discuss different examples how immune responses against senescent cells are involved to restrict disease progression in cancer- and non-cancer pathologies.
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Senescent cells can be recognized by T helper cells and cleared by macrophages and natural killer lymphocytes.
“Although senescent cells can be recognized by T helper cells and cleared by macrophages and natural killer lymphocytes [27,34,35], their number has been shown to increase with normal ageing in tissues of humans, primates and rodents [36,37].”
From Ageing, Cellular Senescence and Neurodegenerative Disease (2018) · cites this paper as [35]
Senescent cells can be eliminated through a SASP-induced immune response involving innate and adaptive immunity.
“Senescent cells can be eliminated through a SASP-induced immune response, which can involve both innate and adaptive immunity.”
From Inside and out: the activities of senescence in cancer (2014) · cites this paper as [111]
SASP can activate an immune response.
“activating an immune response”
From Inside and out: the activities of senescence in cancer (2014) · cites this paper as [111]
Senescent cells formed following tissue damage can promote their own clearance by secreting chemo-attractants that recruit and activate immune cells.
“Indeed, senescent cells formed following tissue damage can promote their own clearance by secreting chemo-attractants that recruit and activate immune cells [265].”
From Mechanisms and Regulation of Cellular Senescence (2021) · cites this paper as [265]
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“This process appears important for tumour control as if the immune response is suppressed, cancer develops [9,10].”
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“cells, neutrophils, and macrophages, for their clearance (reviewed in [81]).”
BackgroundCellular senescence impact on immune cell fate and function
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“The recruitment of the inflammatory cells has shown to result in senescent cells removal leading to tissue remodeling as well as regeneration (Krizhanovsky et al., 2008; Freund et al., 2010; Kang et al., 2011; Hoenicke and Zender, 2012).”
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“Senescent cells are believed to induce local inflammation and immune responses (Hoenicke and Zender 2012).”
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“Based on these findings, it was proposed that senescence and SASP are essential steps in the process of immunosurveillance and elimination of premalignant cells in the body [178].”
BackgroundCellular senescence and tumor promotion: Is aging the key?
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“senescence surveillance by immune cells [47, 95], thereby promoting tumorigenesis.”
BackgroundShahbandi, A., Chiu, F.-Y., Ungerleider, N., Kvadas, R. M., Mheidly, Z., Sun, M. J. S., Tian, D., Waizman, D. A., Anderson, A. Y., Machado, H. L., et al. (2022) · Nature Cancer · doi:10.1038/s43018-022-00466-y · Cited by 85 · see citing works
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Cellular Senescence and the Kidney: Potential Therapeutic Targets and Tools
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“Both apoptotic and senescent cells are cleared by the immune system in a highly regulatedmanner andmay contribute to age-related brain volume loss (Hoenicke and Zender, 2012; Ovadya et al., 2018).”
BackgroundMetronomic chemotherapy from rationale to clinical studies: A dream or reality?
Gnoni, A., Silvestris, N., Licchetta, A., Santini, D., Scartozzi, M., Ria, R., Pisconti, S., Petrelli, F., Vacca, A., & Lorusso, V. (2015) · Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.01.008 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Several authors have proposed that tumor escape from mmuno-surveillance could be the most important hallmark f cancer development [33–35], and that the immunosuppresion caused by chemotherapy, may contribute to the tumor ell growth, because of the reduction of the white blood cell ount [36–38].”
BackgroundMalavolta, M., Bracci, M., Santarelli, L., Sayeed, M. A., Pierpaoli, E., Giacconi, R., Costarelli, L., Piacenza, F., Basso, A., Cardelli, M., et al. (2018) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2018/4159013 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“In addition, it is an emerging concept that immune responses against senescent cells are crucial to restrict disease progression in cancer pathologies [17].”
Mechanisms of Immune Evasion and Immune Modulation by Lymphoma Cells
Menter, T., & Tzankov, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2018.00054 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Targeting senescent cells to attenuate cardiovascular disease progression
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“At present, senescence immunotherapy is an emerging research field (Burton and Stolzing, 2018; Hoenicke and Zender, 2012; Krizhanovsky et al., 2008; Sagiv et al., 2013).”
BackgroundTherapeutic targeting of replicative immortality
Yaswen, P., MacKenzie, K. L., Keith, W. N., Hentosh, P., Rodier, F., Zhu, J., Firestone, G. L., Matheu, A., Carnero, A., Bilsland, A. E., et al. (2015) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.007 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Cellular senescence is a promising target for chronic wounds: a comprehensive review
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Telomere Dysfunction and Cell Senescence in Chronic Lung Diseases: Therapeutic Potential
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Telomeric aging: mitotic clock or stress indicator?
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“In this process, senescent cells interact with their environment by secreting various growth factors and cytokines, being thereby recognized and eliminated by an antigen-specific immune response (Hoenicke and Zender, 2012; Sagiv and Krizhanovsky, 2013).”
BackgroundContribution of Adipose Tissue Inflammation to the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Burhans, M. S., Hagman, D. K., Kuzma, J. N., Schmidt, K. A., & Kratz, M. (2019) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.2019.tb00055.x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Khalil, R., Diab‐Assaf, M., & Lemaı̂tre, J.-M. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12060915 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“The intricacy of senescence and SASP regulation is illustrated by the lncRNA MIR31HG, which, depending on its cellular localization, can both induce and delay senescence [104].”
BackgroundNatural killer cell recognition of in vivo drug-induced senescent multiple myeloma cells
Antonangeli, F., Soriani, A., Ricci, B., Ponzetta, A., Benigni, G., Morrone, S., Bernardini, G., & Santoni, A. (2016) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.1080/2162402x.2016.1218105 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“and senescent cells can be recognized by the immune system, senescence is thought to be a major barrier to tumor formation.(12) This finding has attracted the attention of the scientific”
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The Spectrum of Reactive Cholangiocytes in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
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“(33) Indeed, SASP modulates the immune surveillance of senescent cells and can attract immune cells, especially macrophages, to senescent cells for their elimination.(38,39) Although the involvement of other cell types cannot be ruled out, in vitro coculture”
BackgroundSenescent T cells: Beneficial and detrimental roles
Laphanuwat, P., Gomes, D. C. O., & Akbar, A. N. (2023) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.13206 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
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“In addition, a remarkable characteristic of senescent cells is the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) generated as a consequence of the increased expression and secretion of interleukins, chemokines, growth factors, and proteases (Hoenicke and Zender, 2012), mediated by the activity of transcription fact…”
BackgroundOxidative Stress and Cellular Senescence Are Involved in the Aging Kidney
Márquez‐Expósito, L., Tejedor-Santamaria, L., Valentijn, F. A., Tejera‐Muñoz, A., Rayego‐Mateos, S., Marchant, V. A., Rodrigues-Díez, R. R., Rubio-Soto, I., Knoppert, S. N., Ortíz, A., et al. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11020301 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
A principle of organization which facilitates broad Lamarckian-like adaptations by improvisation
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PIM ‐1 modulates cellular senescence and links IL ‐6 signaling to heterochromatin formation
Jin, B., Wang, Y., Wu, C., Liu, K. Y., Chen, H., & Mao, Z. B. (2014) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.12249 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Increasing evidences have shown that cellular senescence acts as a protective mechanism against carcinogenesis (Lanigan et al., 2011; Hoenicke & Zender, 2012; Vargas et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSuccess after failure: the role of endometrial stem cells in recurrent miscarriage
Lucas, E. S., Dyer, N. P., Fishwick, K. J., Ott, S., & Brosens, J. J. (2016) · Reproduction · doi:10.1530/rep-16-0306 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“An alternative scenario is that influx of immune cells, and specifically uterine natural killer cells, during the luteal phase plays a key role in homeostatic balancing of the stromal subpopulations through selective clearance of senescent cells (Hoenicke & Zender 2012).”
Periodontal Disease and Senescent Cells: New Players for an Old Oral Health Problem?
Aquino-Martínez, R., Khosla, S., Farr, J. N., & Monroe, D. G. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21207441 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“This process is called senescent cell immune surveillance, in which the release of senescence-associated proinflammatory signals play essential roles in attracting neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes and natural killer cells [67,83,85].”
BackgroundInfluentialMerkt, W., Zhou, Y., Han, H., & Lagares, D. (2021) · Wound Repair and Regeneration · doi:10.1111/wrr.12952 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“59,62,63 In the context of wound healing, NK cells expressing TRAIL have been involved in the resolution of the tissue repair programme by promoting apoptosis of senescent myofibroblasts and other cell types.”
The Janus Face of Death Receptor Signaling during Tumor Immunoediting
Reilly, E. O., Tirincsi, A., Logue, S. E., & Szegezdi, É. (2016) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2016.00446 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Stabilization of telomere by the antioxidant property of polyphenols: Anti-aging potential
Maleki, M., Khelghati, N., Alemi, F., Bazdar, M., Asemi, Z., Majidinia, M., Sadeghpoor, A., Mahmoodpoor, A., Jadidi‐Niaragh, F., Targhazeh, N., et al. (2020) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118341 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Cellular Senescence and Periodontitis: Mechanisms and Therapeutics
Chen, S., Zhou, D., Liu, O., Chen, H., Wang, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2022) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology11101419 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“The SASP promotes the migration of immune cells that help remove senescent cells [88].”
BackgroundBrauer, E., Lange, T., Keller, D., Görlitz, S., Cho, S., Keye, J., Gossen, M., Petersen, A., & Kornak, U. (2022) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13744 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Senescent cells secrete a variety of pro- inflammatory cytokines as part of the senescence- associated secretory phenotype (SASP) (Coppé et al., 2010) that lead to the recruitment of the immune system and subsequent cell clearance (Hoenicke & Zender, 2012; Kang et al., 2011).”
BackgroundNovoa, B., Pereiro, P., López‐Muñoz, A., Varela, M., Forn‐Cuní, G., Anchelin, M., Dios, S., Romero, A., Martinez‐López, A., Medina‐Gali, R. M., et al. (2019) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13020 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Indeed, it has been reported that these cell types, together with macrophages, play a pivotal role in the clearance of senescent cells (Hoenicke & Zender, 2012).”
BackgroundAlexander, E., Hildebrand, D. G., Kriebs, A., Obermayer, K., Manz, M., Rothfuss, O. C., Eßmann, F., & Schulze‐Osthoff, K. (2013) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.128835 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Finally, these cytokines or other secreted factors have been shown to attract immune cells in an inflammatory response, leading to the elimination of senescent tumor cells (Kang et al., 2011; Xue et al., 2007; Hoenicke and Zender, 2012).”
BackgroundA tale of the good and bad: Cell senescence in bone homeostasis and disease
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Cellular senescence in tissue repair: every cloud has a silver lining.
Yun, M. (2018) · International Journal of Developmental Biology · doi:10.1387/ijdb.180081my · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Furthermore, due to its capacity to alter the microenvironment and promote inflammation (Hoenicke and Zender, 2012), the SASP has been proposed to contribute to tissue malfunction and degeneration.”
BackgroundModulation of therapy-induced senescence by reactive lipid aldehydes
Flor, A. C., Doshi, A. P., & Kron, S. J. (2016) · Cell Death Discovery · doi:10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.45 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
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“If the senescent cancer cells in treated tumor tissue cannot be completely eliminated by a proper senescence immune surveillance response, the treatment is failing [9,10].”
BackgroundNovel PET Imaging Probe for Quantitative Detection of Senescence In Vivo
Xiang, X., Dong, C., Zhou, L., Liu, J., Rabinowitz, Z. M., Zhang, Y., Guo, H., He, F., Chen, X., Wang, Y., et al. (2024) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00179 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
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“A recent trial has shown that multiple immunotherapeutic agents can synergize to enhance endogenous antitumor immunity [6].”
Role of Senescent Renal Cells in Pathophysiology of Diabetic Kidney Disease
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- Authors
- Hoenicke, L., & Zender, L.
- Affiliations
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (DE)
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Zender, L.
- Venue
- Carcinogenesis
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-04-02
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1123-1126
- ISSN
- 0143-3334 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2180
- OpenAlex
- W2121022075
- Cited by
- 248
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Carcinogenesis (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HZI (Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Keywords
- cellular senescence, senescence-associated secretory phenotype, tumor suppression, liver cancer, antigen-specific immune response, tumor immunology, telomere shortening, chemotherapy-induced senescence, oncogene activation
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Immunologic Surveillance, Liver, Neoplasms, Precancerous Conditions, Cytokines, Cellular Senescence, Disease Progression, Chemokines, Hepatocytes
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