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A Fruity Note: Crossmodal associations between odors and musical notes
Abstract
Odors are notoriously difficult to describe, but they seem prone to a variety of crossmodal associations. In the present study, we generalize the previously-shown association between odors (from perfumery) and pitch (Belkin et al. 1997) to odors related to food and drink (in this case those associated with wine). We also demonstrate that, to a lesser extent (25% of the odor tested), participants preferentially match specific odors to certain types of instruments. The ratings of the odors along a number of dimensions are used in principal components analysis (PCA) to explore the psychological dimensions underlying the odor-pitch associations. The results demonstrate that both pleasantness and complexity, but not intensity, appear to play a role when choosing a pitch to match an odor. Our results suggest that these features of odor stimuli constitute psychological dimensions that can be consistently matched to auditory features.
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“Previously, it has been shown that specific auditory attributes are associated with basic tastes, both when presented as taste words (for instance, 'sweet'), and in the form of tasting solutions [80-88]”
From The Role of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Sensory Factors in Sweetness Perception of Food and Beverages: A Review (2019) · cites this paper as [83]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Crisinel, A.-S., & Spence, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- ORCID
- Spence, C.
- Venue
- Chemical Senses
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-08-18
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 151-158
- ISSN
- 0379-864X (ISSN-L)
- 1464-3553
- OpenAlex
- W2143065224
- Cited by
- 120
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 7.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Chemical Senses (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
- Keywords
- cross-modal correspondence, musical notes, odor pleasantness, odor intensity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Flavoring Agents, Fruit, Humans, Middle Aged, Music, Odorants, Pitch Perception, Smell, Wine, Olfactory Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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