That Sounds Sweet: Using Cross‐Modal Correspondences to Communicate Gustatory Attributes
Abstract
ABSTRACT Building on existing research into sound symbolism and cross‐modal correspondences, this article proposes that cross‐modal correspondences—systematic mappings between different sensory modalities—can be used to communicate nonmusical, low‐level sensory properties such as basic tastes through music. A series of three experiments demonstrates that cross‐modal correspondences enable people to systematically encode basic taste properties into parameters in musical space (Experiment 1), and that they are able to correctly decode basic taste information embedded in complex musical compositions (Experiments 2 and 3). The results also suggest some culture‐specificity to these mappings, given that decoding performance, while still above chance levels, was lower in Indian participants than in those from the United States (Experiment 3). Implications and potential applications of these findings are discussed.
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Both sweet and sour tastes are mapped to high pitch, whereas bitterness is mapped to low pitch.
“For instance, both sweet and sour tastes are mapped to high pitch, whereas bitterness is mapped to low pitch [81,85-87].”
From The Role of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Sensory Factors in Sweetness Perception of Food and Beverages: A Review (2019) · cites this paper as [87]
Specific auditory attributes are associated with basic tastes, both when presented as taste words and in the form of tasting solutions.
“Previously, it has been shown that specific auditory attributes are associated with basic tastes, both when presented as taste words (for instance, 'sweet'), and in the form of tasting solutions [80-88]”
From The Role of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Sensory Factors in Sweetness Perception of Food and Beverages: A Review (2019) · cites this paper as [87]
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Wine psychology: basic & applied
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Musical flavor: the effect of background music and presentation order on taste
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Gastrophysics: Getting creative with pairing flavours
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Sonic Seasoning and Other Multisensory Influences on the Coffee Drinking Experience
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Audiovisual crossmodal correspondences
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The secret of voice: How acoustic characteristics affect video creators' performance on Bilibili
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Assessing the Influence of the Multisensory Atmosphere on the Taste of Vodka
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Crossmodal Correspondences in the Sounds of Chinese Instruments
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Variations in Food Acceptability with Respect to Pitch, Tempo, and Volume Levels of Background Music
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Taste the Bass: Low Frequencies Increase the Perception of Body and Aromatic Intensity in Red Wine
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Understanding the Correspondences: Introduction to the Special Issue on Crossmodal Correspondences
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The influence of music on the perception of taste
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The organization of semantic associations between senses in language
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The influence of multisensory indoor environment on the perception of orange juice
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The Emotional Impact of Sound: A Short Theory of Film Sound Design
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Audio Features and Crowdfunding Success: An Empirical Study Using Audio Mining
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Multisensory Packaging Design across Cultures
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- Authors
- Knoeferle, K. M., Woods, A., Käppler, F., & Spence, C.
- Affiliations
- BI Norwegian Business School (NO)
- Xperiment
- Trossingen University of Music (DE)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Knoeferle, Klemens M.
- Venue
- Psychology & Marketing
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-12-11
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 107-120
- ISSN
- 0742-6046 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6793
- OpenAlex
- W2164682534
- Cited by
- 137
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 14
- FWCI
- 13.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychology and Marketing (publishedVersion)
- BIBSYS Brage (BIBSYS (Norway)) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Swiss National Science Foundation
- University of Oxford (PBSGP1_141347)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Categorization, perception, and language
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- cross-modal correspondence, sound symbolism, basic taste, music perception, cultural specificity
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