High Prevalence of Anti–Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (Anti–SARS-CoV-2) Antibodies After the First Wave of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Results of a Cross-sectional Household-Based Survey

Nkuba, Antoine N; Makiala, Sheila M; Guichet, Emilande; Tshiminyi, Paul M; Bazitama, Yannick M; Yambayamba, Marc K; Kazenza, Benito M; Kabeya, Trésor M; Matungulu, Elysee B; Baketana, Lionel K; Mitongo, Naomi M; Thaurignac, Guillaume; Leendertz, Fabian H; Vanlerberghe, Veerle; Pelloquin, Raphaël; Etard, Jean-François; Maman, David; Mbala, Placide K; Ayouba, Ahidjo; Peeters, Martine; Muyembe, Jean-Jacques T; Delaporte, Eric; Ahuka, Steve M

doi:10.1093/cid/ciab515

Cited by 52SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 ResearchCOVID-19 epidemiological studiesSARS-CoV-2 detection and testing

High Prevalence of Anti–Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (Anti–SARS-CoV-2) Antibodies After the First Wave of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Results of a Cross-sectional Household-Based Survey

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Nkuba, Antoine N, Makiala, Sheila M, Guichet, Emilande, Tshiminyi, Paul M, Bazitama, Yannick M, Yambayamba, Marc K, Kazenza, Benito M, Kabeya, Trésor M +15 more·2022·Clinical Infectious Diseases

DOI 10.1093/cid/ciab515PMC PMC8244674

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Abstract

Background: In October 2020, after the first wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), only 8290 confirmed cases were reported in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, but the real prevalence remains unknown. To guide public health policies, we aimed to describe the prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in the general population in Kinshasa. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, household-based serosurvey between 22 October 2020 and 8 November 2020. Participants were interviewed at home and tested for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins in a Luminex-based assay. A positive serology was defined as a sample that reacted with both SARS-CoV-2 proteins (100% sensitivity, 99.7% specificity). The overall weighted, age-standardized prevalence was estimated and the infection-to-case ratio was calculated to determine the proportion of undiagnosed SARS-CoV-2 infections. Results: A total of 1233 participants from 292 households were included (mean age, 32.4 years; 764 [61.2%] women). The overall weighted, age-standardized SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was 16.6% (95% CI: 14.0–19.5%). The estimated infection-to-case ratio was 292:1. Prevalence was higher among participants ≥40 years than among those <18 years (21.2% vs 14.9%, respectively; P < .05). It was also higher in participants who reported hospitalization than among those who did not (29.8% vs 16.0%, respectively; P < .05). However, differences were not significant in the multivariate model (P = .1). Conclusions: The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 is much higher than the number of COVID-19 cases reported. These results justify the organization of a sequential series of serosurveys by public health authorities to adapt response measures to the dynamics of the pandemic.

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Several serosurveys suggest that Africa experienced large waves of infection but that most cases went unreported, in part because they did not lead to severe disease.
“Several serosurveys suggest that Africa experienced large waves of infection but that most cases went unreported, in part because they did not lead to severe disease.”
From The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [185]

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Nkuba, A., Makiala, S., Guichet, E., Tshiminyi, P. M., Bazitama, Y. M., Yambayamba, M. K., Kazenza, B. M., Kabeya, T. M., Matungulu, É., Baketana, L. K., et al. (2021) · Robert-Koch-Institut (RKI) · doi:10.25646/8757 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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Revisiting a COVID-19 seroprevalence cohort survey among health care workers and their household members in Kinshasa, DR Congo, 2020-2022Preprint
Madinga, J. N., Kingebeni, P. M., Nkuba, A.-J., Baketana, L., Matungulu, É., Vanlerberghe, V., Lupola, P. M., Seghers, C.-A., Smekens, T., Ariën, K. K., et al. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3710665/v1
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COVID-19 seroprevalence cohort survey among health care workers and their household members in Kinshasa, DR Congo, 2020–2022
Madinga, J. N., Kingebeni, P. M., Nkuba-Ndaye, A., Baketana, L., Matungulu-Biyala, E., Lupola, P. M., Seghers, C.-A., Smekens, T., Ariën, K. K., Damme, W. V., et al. (2024) · Journal of Health Population and Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s41043-024-00536-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Extensive Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Transmission Associated With Low Mortality in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: For How Long?
Colebunders, R., & Kenyon, C. R. (2021) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciab593 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Authors: Nkuba, A. N., Makiala, S. M., Guichet, E., Tshiminyi, P. M., Bazitama, Y. M., Yambayamba, M. K., Kazenza, B. M., Kabeya, T. M., Matungulu, E. B., Baketana, L. K., Mitongo, N. M., Thaurignac, G., Leendertz, F. H., Vanlerberghe, V., Pelloquin, R., Etard, J.-F., Maman, D., Mbala, P. K., Ayouba, A., Peeters, M., Muyembe, J.-J. T., Delaporte, E., & Ahuka, S. M.
Affiliations: TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
Département de Virologie, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Inserm (FR)
National Institute of Biomedical Research (CD)
University of Kinshasa (CD)
Robert Koch Institute (DE)
Tropical Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Public Health, Antwerp, Belgium
Epigreen, Paris, France
ORCID: Guichet, Emilande
Yambayamba, Marc K
Kazenza, Benito M
Thaurignac, Guillaume
Leendertz, Fabian H
Vanlerberghe, Veerle
Maman, David
Ayouba, Ahidjo
Peeters, Martine
Venue: Clinical Infectious Diseases
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2021-06-05
Volume: 74
Issue: 5
Pages: 882-890
ISSN: 1058-4838 (ISSN-L)
1537-6591
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab515
PMC: PMC8244674
OpenAlex: W3168609842
Cited by: 51
References: 33
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 8
FWCI: 3.64
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Clinical Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Publication server of the Robert Koch Institute (Robert Kock Institute) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, seroprevalence, SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, IgG, Kinshasa, underdiagnosis, serological survey, age differences in infection, hospitalization, Luminex multiplex assay, pandemic response planning, Democratic Republic of the Congo
MeSH terms: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Antibodies, Viral, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Prevalence, Seroepidemiologic Studies

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High Prevalence of Anti–Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (Anti–SARS-CoV-2) Antibodies After the First Wave of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Results of a Cross-sectional Household-Based Survey

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