CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 193Antifungal resistance and susceptibilityFungal and yeast genetics researchFungal Infections and Studies

Aspergillus Polymerase Chain Reaction: Systematic Review of Evidence for Clinical Use in Comparison With Antigen Testing

Open access
White, P. Lewis, Wingard, John R., Bretagne, Stéphane, Löffler, Jürgen, Patterson, Thomas F., Slavin, Monica A., Barnes, Rosemary A., Pappas, Peter G. +1 more·2015·Clinical Infectious Diseases
DOI 10.1093/cid/civ507PMC PMC4583581
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Aspergillus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was excluded from the European Organisation for the Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) definitions of invasive fungal disease because of limited standardization and validation. The definitions are being revised. METHODS: A systematic literature review was performed to identify analytical and clinical information available on inclusion of galactomannan enzyme immunoassay (GM-EIA) (2002) and β-d-glucan (2008), providing a minimal threshold when considering PCR. Categorical parameters and statistical performance were compared. RESULTS: When incorporated, GM-EIA and β-d-glucan sensitivities and specificities for diagnosing invasive aspergillosis were 81.6% and 91.6%, and 76.9% and 89.4%, respectively. Aspergillus PCR has similar sensitivity and specificity (76.8%-88.0% and 75.0%-94.5%, respectively) and comparable utility. Methodological recommendations and commercial PCR assays assist standardization. Although all tests have limitations, currently, PCR is the only test with independent quality control. CONCLUSIONS: We propose that there is sufficient evidence that is at least equivalent to that used to include GM-EIA and β-d-glucan testing, and that PCR is now mature enough for inclusion in the EORTC/MSG definitions.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/cid/civ507

Cites

5 of 5 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Among patients with documented MRSA infections, delays of > 24-48 hours until antibiotic administration are associated with increased mortality in some studies, but not in others.

    “Among patients with documented MRSA infections, delays of > 24-48 hours until antibiotic administration are associated with increased mortality in some studies (143-147), but not in others (148-154).”

    From Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2021. (2021) · cites this paper as [147]

    The cited paper’s ‘Comparison of Aspergillus PCR With GM-EIA and β-d-Glucan’ section discusses diagnostic tests and antifungal treatment for invasive aspergillosis, not MRSA. Searches for documented MRSA infection, antibiotic delays of 24–48 hours, and associated mortality found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 87

  1. [1]Ascioglu S, Rex JH, de Pauw B et al Defining opportunistic invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients with cancer and hematopoietic stem cell transplants: an international consensus. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: 7– 14. 11731939
  2. [4]White PL, Parr C, Thornton C, Barnes RA Evaluation of real-time PCR, galactomannan enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and a novel lateral-flow device for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51: 1510– 6. 23486712 PMC3647888
  3. [5]Zou M, Tang L, Zhao S et al Systematic review and meta-analysis of detecting galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosing invasive aspergillosis. PLoS One 2012; 7: e43347. 22905261 PMC3419176
  4. [6]Guo Y-L, Chen Y-Q, Wang K et al Accuracy of BAL galactomannan in diagnosing invasive aspergillosis. Chest 2010; 138: 817– 24. 20453070
  5. [7]Leeflang MM, Debets-Ossenkopp YJ, Visser CE et al Galactomannan detection for invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromized patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 8: CD007394. PMC6483812 26716951
  6. [8]Pfeiffer CD, Fine JP, Safdar N Diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis using a galactomannan assay: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42: 1417– 27. 16619154
  7. [9]Lamoth F, Cruciani M, Mengoli C et al B-Glucan antigenemia assay for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections in patients with haematological malignancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies from the Third European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia (ECIL-3). Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54: 633– 43. 22198786
  8. [10]Karageorgopoulos DE, Vouloumanou EK, Ntziora F, Michalopoulos A, Rafailidis PI, Falagas ME β-d-glucan assay for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52: 750– 70. 21367728
  9. [11]He S, Hang J-P, Zhang L et al A systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy of serum 1,3-B-D-glucan for invasive fungal infection: focus on cutoff levels. J Microbiol Immun Infect 2014; 48: 351– 61. 25081986
  10. [12]Onishi A, Sugiyama D, Kogata Y et al Diagnostic accuracy of serum 1,3-β-D-glucan for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, invasive candidiasis, and invasive aspergillosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50: 7– 15. 22075593 PMC3256688
  11. [13]Tang CM, Holden DW, Aufauvre-Brown A, Cohen J The detection of Aspergillus spp. by the polymerase chain reaction and its evaluation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148: 1313– 7. 8239169
  12. [14]White PL, Barnes RA Aspergillus PCR. In: Latge J-P, Steinbach WJ, eds. Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis. 1st ed Washington, DC: ASM Press, 2009: 373– 88.
  13. [15]Tuon FF A systematic literature review on the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from bronchoalveolar lavage clinical samples. Rev Iberoam Micol 2007; 24: 89– 94. 17604424
  14. [16]Mengoli C, Cruciani M, Barnes RA, Loeffler J, Donnelly JP Use of PCR for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis: systematic review of and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2009; 9: 89– 96. 19179225
  15. [17]Sun W, Wang K, Gao W et al Evaluation of PCR on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis: a bivariate meta-analysis and systematic review. PLoS One 2011; 6: e28467. 22164295 PMC3229594
  16. [18]Avni T, Levy I, Sprecher H, Yahav D, Leibovici L, Paul M Diagnostic accuracy of PCR alone compared to galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: a systematic review. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50: 3652– 8. 22952268 PMC3486225
  17. [19]Arvanitis M, Ziakas PD, Zacharioudakis IM, Zervou FN, Caliendo AM, Mylonakis E PCR in diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis: a meta-analysis of diagnostic performance. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52: 3731– 42. 25122854 PMC4187770
  18. [20]Swannink CMA, Meis JFGM, Rijs AJMM, Donnelly JP, Verweij PE Specificity of a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting Aspergillus galactomannan. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 257– 60. 8968919 PMC229550
  19. [21]Verweij PE, Erjavec Z, Sluiters W et al Detection of antigen in sera of patients with invasive aspergillosis: intra and interlaboratory reproducibility. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 1612– 6. 9620387 PMC104887
  20. [22]Bretagne S, Marmorat-Khuoung A, Kuentz M, Latge J-P, Bart-Delabesse E, Cordonnier C Serum Aspergillus galactomannan antigen testing by sandwich ELISA: practical use in neutropenic patients. J Infect 1997; 35: 7– 15. 9279718
  21. [23]Maertens J, Vernhaegen J, Lagrou K, Van Eldere J, Boogaerts M Screening for circulating galactomannan as non-invasive diagnostic tool for invasive aspergillosis in prolonged neutropenic patients and stem cell transplantation recipients a prospective validation. Blood 2001; 97: 1604– 10. 11238098
  22. [24]Maertens J, Verhaegen J, Demuynck H et al Autopsy controlled prospective evaluation of serial screening for circulatory galactomannan by a sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for haematological patients at risk of invasive aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 3223– 8. 10488181 PMC85532
  23. [25]Sulahian A, Boutboul F, Ribaud P, Leblanc T, Lacroix C, Derouin F Value of antigen detection using an enzyme immunoassay in the diagnosis and prediction of invasive aspergillosis in two adult and pediatric hematology units during a 4 year prospective study. Cancer 2001; 91: 311– 8. 11180076
  24. [26]Sulahian A, Tabouret M, Ribaud P et al Comparison of an enzyme immunoassay and latex agglutination test for detection of galactomannan in the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1996; 15: 139– 45. 8801086
  25. [27]Machetti M, Feasi M, Mordini N et al Comparison of an enzyme immunoassay and a latex agglutination system for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in bone marrow transplant recipients. BMT 1998; 21: 917– 21. 9613784
  26. [28]Ulusakarya A, Chachaty E, Vantelon JM et al Surveillance of Aspergillus galactomannan antigenemia for invasive aspergillosis by enzyme linked immunosrobent assay in neutropenic patients treated for haematological malignancies. Hematol J 2000; 1: 111– 6. 11920178
  27. [29]Patterson JE, Zidouh A, Miniter P, Andriole VT, Patterson TF Hospital epidemiologic surveillance for invasive aspergillosis: patient demographics and the utility of antigen detection. Infect Cont Hosp Epidemiol 1997; 18: 104– 8. 9120237
  28. [30]Williamson ECM, Oliver DA, Johnson EM, Foot ABM, Marks DI, Warnock DW Aspergillus antigen testing in bone marrow transplant recipients. J Clin Pathol 2000; 53: 362– 6. 10889818 PMC1731188
  29. [31]Sieman M, Koch-Dorfler M The Platelia Aspergillus ELISA in diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). Mycoses 2001; 44: 266– 72. 11714060
  30. [32]Fleck E, Rabaud C, Beot S et al Invasive aspergillosis in AIDS patients. Med Maladies Infect 1999; 29: 401– 6.
  31. [33]Herrmann J, Gugel A, Freidank H, Bertz H, Finke J Aspergillus antigen detection: comparison of a new sandwich ELISA with the latex agglutination test in patients with histologically proven invasive aspergillosis. Mycoses 1998; 41(suppl 1): 83– 5. 9717392
  32. [34]Kami M, Fukui T, Ogawa S et al Use of real-time PCR on blood samples for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33: 1504– 12. 11588697
  33. [35]Kami M, Ogawa S, Kanda Y et al Early diagnosis of central nervous system aspergillosis using polymerase chain reaction, latex agglutination test, and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Brit J Haem 1999; 106: 536– 7. 10460619
  34. [36]Salonen J, Lehtonen OP, Terasarvi MR, Nikoskelainen J Aspergillus antigen in serum urine and bronchoalveolar lavage specimens of neutropenic patients in relation to clinical outcome. Scand J Infect Dis 2000; 32: 485– 90. 11055651
  35. [37]Bretagne S, Costa J-M, Bart-Delanesse E, Dhedin N, Rieux C, Cordonnier C Comparison of serum galactomannan antigen detection and competitive polymerase chain reaction for diagnosing invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 1407– 12. 9636871
  36. [38]Stynen D, Goris A, Sarfati J, Latge J-P A new sensitive sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay to detect galactofuran in patients with invasive aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 497– 500. 7714217 PMC227977
  37. [39]Fortun J, Martin-Davila P, Alvarez ME et al Aspergillus antigenemia sandwich enzyme immunoassay test as a serodiagnostic method for invasive aspergillosis in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 2001; 71: 145– 9. 11211181
  38. [40]Sieman M, Koch-Dorfler M, Gaude M False positive results in premature infants with the Platelia Aspergillus sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Mycoses 1998; 41: 373– 7. 9916459
  39. [41]Verweij PE, Stynen D, Rijs AJ et al Sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay compared to latex agglutination test for diagnosing invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 1912– 4. 7665670 PMC228297
  40. [42]Verweij PE, Latge J-P, Rijs AJ et al Comparison of antigen detection and PCR assay using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients receiving treatment for haematological malignancies. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 3150– 3. 8586691 PMC228662
  41. [43]Rohrlich P, Sarfati J, Mariani P et al Prospective sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serum galactomannan: early predictive value and clinical use in invasive aspergillosis. Pediatr Infect Dis 1996; 15: 232– 7. 8852911
  42. [44]Tabone M-D, Vu-Thien H, Latge J-P et al Value of galactomannan detection by sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in the early diagnosis and follow-up of invasive aspergillosis. Opportunistic Pathogens 1997; 9: 7– 13.
  43. [45]Verweij PE, Brinkman K, Kremer HP, Kullberg BJ, Meis JF Aspergillus meningitis: diagnosis by non-culture based microbiological methods and management. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 1186– 9. 10074549 PMC88672
  44. [46]Verweij PE, Dompeling EC, Donnelly JP, Schattenberg AV, Meis JF Serial monitoring of Aspergillus antigen in the early diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. Preliminary investigations with two examples. Infection 1997; 25: 86– 9. 9108182
  45. [47]Machetti M, Zotti M, Veroni L et al Antigen detection in the diagnosis and management of a patient with probable cerebral aspergillosis treated with voriconazole. Transpl Infect Dis 2000; 2: 140– 4. 11429025
  46. [48]Viscoli C, Machetti M, Gazzola P et al Aspergillus galactomannan antigen in the cerebrospinal fluid of bone marrow transplant recipients with probable cerebral aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 1496– 9. 11923380 PMC140329
  47. [49]Herbrecht R, Letscher-Bru V, Oprea C et al Aspergillus galactomannan detection in the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20: 1898– 906. 11919250
  48. [50]Marr KA, Balajee SA, McLaughlin L, Tabouret M, Bentsen C, Walsh TJ Detection of galactomannan antigenemia by enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis: variables that affect performance. J Infect Dis 2004; 190: 641– 9. 15243943
  49. [52]Mennink-Kersten MA, Ruegebrink D, Wasei N, Melchers WJ, Verweij PE In vitro release by Aspergillus fumigatus of galactofuranose antigens, 1,3-beta-D-glucan, and DNA, surrogate markers used for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 1711– 8. 16672397 PMC1479172
  50. [54]Pickering JW, Sant HW, Bowles CAP, Roberts WL, Woods GL Evaluation of 1–3 B-D-glucan assay for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 5957– 62. 16333082 PMC1317189
  51. [55]Odabasi Z, Mattiuzzi G, Estey E et al B-D-glucan as a diagnostic adjunct for invasive fungal infections: validation, cut-off development, and performance in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39: 199– 205. 15307029
  52. [56]Tanaka S, Aketagawa J, Takahashi S et al Inhibition of high-molecular-weight-(1–3)-beta-D-glucan-dependent activation of a limulus coagulation factor G by laminaran oligosaccharides and curdlan degradation products. Carbohydr Res 1993; 244: 115– 27. 8339297
  53. [57]Pazos C, Ponton J, Del Palacio A Contribution of 1–3 B-D-glucan chromogenic assay to diagnose therapeutic monitoring of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic adult patients: a comparison with serial screening with circulating galactomannan. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 299– 305. 15634986 PMC540165
  54. [58]Mori T, Ikemoto H, Matsumura M et al Evaluation of plasma (1–3)-beta-D-glucan measurement by the kinetic turbidimetric limulus test, for the clinical diagnosis of mycotic infections. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1997; 35: 553– 60. 9263735
  55. [59]Mitsutake K, Miyazaki T, Tashiro T et al Enolase antigen, mannan antigen, Cand-tec antigen, and beta-glucan in patients with candidaemia. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 1918– 21. 8818881 PMC229153
  56. [60]Mori T, Matsumura M Clinical evaluation of diagnostic methods using plasma and/or serum for three mycoses. Jpn J Med Mycol 1999; 40: 223– 30. 10536309
  57. [61]Akamatsu N, Sugawara Y, Kaneko J, Tamura S, Makuuchi M Pre-emptive treatment of fungal infection based on the plasma (1–3) B-D-glucan levels after liver transplantation. Infection 2007; 35: 346– 51. 17885729
  58. [62]Kami M, Tanaka Y, Kanda Y et al Computed tomographic scan of the chest, latex agglutination test and plasma (1–3) B-D-glucan assay in early diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: a prospective study of 215 patients. Haematologica 2000; 85: 745– 52. 10897127
  59. [63]Kawazu M, Kanda Y, Nannya Y et al Prospective comparison of the diagnostic potential of real-time PCR, double sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for galactomannan, and a (1–3)-B-D-glucan test in weekly screening for invasive aspergillosis in patients with haematological disorders. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 2733– 41. 15184460 PMC427860
  60. [64]Miyazaki T, Kohno S, Mitsuake K et al Plasma (1–3) beta-D-glucan and fungal antigenemia in patients with candidemia, aspergillosis and cryptococcosis. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 3115– 8. 8586684 PMC228655
  61. [65]Obayashi T, Yoshida M, Mori T et al Plasma (1–3) B-D-glucan measurement in diagnosis of invasive deep mycosis and fungal febrile episodes. Lancet 1995; 345: 17– 20. 7799700
  62. [66]Metan G, Koc AN, Atalay A et al What should be the optimal cut-off of serum B-D-glucan for the detection of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with haematological malignancies. Scand J Infect Dis 2012; 44: 330– 6. 22188426
  63. [67]White PL, Barton R, Guiver M et al A consensus on fungal polymerase chain reaction diagnosis? A United Kingdom-Ireland evaluation of polymerase chain reaction methods for detection of systemic fungal infections. J Mol Diagn 2006; 8: 376– 84. 16825512 PMC1867606
  64. [68]Reichard U, Buchheidt D, Lass-Flörl C et al Inter-laboratory comparison of PCR-based identification of Candida and Aspergillus DNA in spiked blood samples. Mycoses 2012; 55: 426– 34. 22248125
  65. [69]White PL, Bretagne S, Klingspor L et al Aspergillus PCR: one step closer to standardization. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48: 1231– 40. 20147637 PMC2849576
  66. [70]White PL, Mengoli C, Bretagne S et al Evaluation of Aspergillus PCR protocols for testing serum specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49: 3842– 8. 21940479 PMC3209112
  67. [71]White PL The European Aspergillus PCR Initiative (EAPCRI)—where do we stand? [abstract W12.2] In: 6th Trends in Medical Mycology conference, Copenhagen, Denmark, 11–14 October 2013.
  68. [72]White PL, Perry MD, Moody A, Follett SA, Morgan G, Barnes RA Evaluation of analytical and preliminary clinical performance of Myconostica MycAssay Aspergillus when testing serum specimens for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49: 2169– 74. 21450965 PMC3122770
  69. [73]White PL, Hibbitts SJ, Perry MD et al Evaluation of a commercially developed semi-automated PCR-SERS assay for the diagnosis of invasive fungal disease. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52: 3536– 43. 25031443 PMC4187751
  70. [74]Torelli R, Sanguinetti M, Moody A et al Diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis by a commercial real-time PCR assay for Aspergillus DNA in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from high-risk patients compared to a galactomannan enzyme immunoassay. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49: 4273– 8. 22012015 PMC3233012
  71. [75]Chong GL, van de Sande WW, Dingemans GJ et al Validation of a new Aspergillus real-time PCR assay for direct detection of Aspergillus and azole resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53: 868– 74. 25568431 PMC4390672
  72. [78]Lyon GM, Abdul-Ali D, Loeffler J et al Development and evaluation of a calibrator material for nucleic acid-based assays for diagnosing aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51: 2403– 5. 23616459 PMC3697704
  73. [79]Springer J, Morton CO, Perry M et al Multicenter comparison of serum and whole-blood specimens for detection of Aspergillus DNA in high-risk hematological patients. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51: 1445– 50. 23426930 PMC3647891
  74. [80]Rimek D, Garg AP, Haas WH, Kappe R Identification of contaminating fungal DNA sequences in Zymolyase. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 830– 1. 9986868 PMC84574
  75. [81]Loeffler J, Hebart H, Bialek R et al Contaminations occurring in fungal PCR assays. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 7: 1200– 2. 10074553 PMC88676
  76. [82]White PL, Barnes RA Aspergillus PCR—platforms, strengths and weaknesses. Med Mycol 2006; 44(suppl): 191– 8. 30408903
  77. [83]Jaeger EE, Carroll NM, Choudhury S et al Rapid detection and identification of Candida, Aspergillus, and Fusarium species in ocular samples using nested PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 2902– 8. 10921948 PMC87142
  78. [84]Perry MD, White PL, Barnes RA Comparison of four automated nucleic acid extraction platforms for the recovery of DNA from Aspergillus fumigatus. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63: 1160– 6. 24987100
  79. [85]Harrison E, Stalhberger T, Whelan R et al Aspergillus DNA contamination in blood collection tubes. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 67: 392– 4. 20638611 PMC2907359
  80. [86]Bretagne S, Costa JM, Marmorat-Khuong A et al Detection of Aspergillus species DNA in bronchoalveolar lavage samples by competitive PCR. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 1164– 8. 7615723 PMC228124
  81. [87]Millon L, Grenouillet F, Crouzet J et al False positive Aspergillus real-time PCR assay due to a nutritional supplement in a bone marrow transplant recipient with GVH disease. Med Mycol 2010; 48: 661– 4. 20392146
  82. [88]Lass-Flörl C, Gunsilius E, Gastl G et al Diagnosing invasive aspergillosis during antifungal therapy by PCR analysis of blood samples. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 4154– 7. 15365004 PMC516315
  83. [89]Morrissey CO, Chen SC, Sorrell TC et al Galactomannan and PCR versus culture and histology for directing use of antifungal treatment for invasive aspergillosis in high-risk haematology patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2013; 13: 519– 28. 23639612
  84. [90]Aguado JM, Vázquez L, Fernández-Ruiz M, Villaescusa T et al Serum galactomannan versus a combination of galactomannan and PCR-based Aspergillus DNA detection for early therapy of invasive aspergillosis in high-risk hematological patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 60: 405– 14. 25336623
  85. [91]Barnes RA, Stocking K, Bowden S, Poynton MH, White PL Prevention and diagnosis of invasive fungal disease in high-risk patients within an integrative care pathway. J Infect 2013; 67: 206– 14. 23644098
  86. [92]Cummings JR, Jamison GR, Boudreaux JW et al Cross reactivity of non-aspergillus fungal species in the Aspergillus galactomannan enzyme immunoassay. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 59: 113– 5. 17662550
  87. [93]Van der Linden JW, Snelders E, Arends JP et al Rapid diagnosis of azole resistant aspergillosis by direct PCR using tissue specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48: 1478– 80. 20107096 PMC2849623

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
White, P. L., Wingard, J. R., Bretagne, S., Löffler, J., Patterson, T. F., Slavin, M. A., Barnes, R. A., Pappas, P. G., & Donnelly, J. P.
Affiliations
  • Public Health Wales (GB)
  • University of Florida Health (US)
  • Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (FR)
  • University of Würzburg (DE)
  • The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
  • The University of Melbourne (AU)
  • Cardiff University (GB)
  • University of Alabama (US)
  • Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
Corresponding author
White, P. Lewis
ORCID
Venue
Clinical Infectious Diseases
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2015-06-25
Volume
61
Issue
8
Pages
1293-1303
ISSN
  • 1058-4838 (ISSN-L)
  • 1537-6591
DOI
10.1093/cid/civ507
PMC
PMC4583581
OpenAlex
W2229990733
Cited by
193
References
5
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 2
FWCI
4.35
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc-nd
Locations
  • Clinical Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (acceptedVersion)
  • Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
  • Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Fungal Infections and Studies
Keywords
Aspergillus PCR, invasive aspergillosis, beta-D-glucan, sensitivity and specificity, diagnostic test standardization, quality control
MeSH terms
Antigens, Fungal, Aspergillosis, Aspergillus, Galactose, Humans, Immunoenzyme Techniques, Mannans, Quality Control, Sensitivity and Specificity, Polymerase Chain Reaction, beta-Glucans

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review