How do I manage refractory invasive pulmonary aspergillosis

Vergidis, Paschalis; Sendi, Parham; Alkhateeb, Hassan B.; Nguyen, M. Hong

doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2024.01.015

Cited by 12Antifungal resistance and susceptibilityNeutropenia and Cancer InfectionsFungal and yeast genetics research

How do I manage refractory invasive pulmonary aspergillosis

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Vergidis, Paschalis, Sendi, Parham, Alkhateeb, Hassan B., Nguyen, M. Hong·2024·Clinical Microbiology and Infection

DOI 10.1016/j.cmi.2024.01.015

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Invasive aspergillosis is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in patients with haematologic malignancies and haematopoietic cell transplant recipients. The prognosis is worse among patients who have failed primary antifungal treatment. OBJECTIVES: We aim to provide guidance on the diagnosis and management of refractory invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. SOURCES: Using PubMed, we performed a review of original articles, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews. CONTENT: We discuss the diagnostic criteria for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and the evidence on the treatment of primary infection. We outline our diagnostic approach to refractory disease. We propose a treatment algorithm for refractory disease and discuss the role of experimental antifungal agents. IMPLICATIONS: For patients with worsening disease while on antifungal therapy, a thorough diagnostic evaluation is required to confirm the diagnosis of aspergillosis and exclude another concomitant infection. Treatment should be individualized. Current options include switching to another triazole, transitioning to a lipid formulation of amphotericin B, or using combination antifungal therapy.

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In some cases, clinical antifungal treatment fails even without resistance, leading to breakthrough or recurrent infections.
“However, in some cases, even though devoid of resistance, the clinical treatment still failed, leading to breakthrough or recurrent infections [9–11].”
From Antifungal persistence: Clinical relevance and mechanisms (2025) · cites this paper as [9]
The Refractory disease section (page not provided) says patients may fail to improve on antifungal treatment and may develop new or worsening findings while receiving it. The Salvage therapy section (page not provided) discusses treatment failure with therapeutic triazole concentrations, so resistance is not presented as the only explanation. The paper does not establish that such failure leads to recurrent infections. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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Authors: Vergidis, P., Sendi, P., Alkhateeb, H. B., & Nguyen, M. H.
Affiliations: Mayo Clinic (US)
University of Bern (CH)
University of Pittsburgh (US)
Corresponding author: Vergidis, Paschalis
ORCID: Vergidis, Paschalis
Sendi, Parham
Alkhateeb, Hassan B.
Nguyen, M. Hong
Venue: Clinical Microbiology and Infection
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2024-06
Volume: 30
Issue: 6
Pages: 755-761
ISSN: 1198-743X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2024.01.015
OpenAlex: W4391289411
Cited by: 12
References: 58
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 2
FWCI: 1.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: other-oa
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 365 d)
Locations: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (publishedVersion, other-oa)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Open Access CRIS of the University of Bern
Funders: F2G
AbbVie
University of Pittsburgh
Astellas Pharma US
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Neutropenia and Cancer Infections
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
Keywords: invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, antifungal therapy, triazoles, lipid amphotericin B, combination antifungal therapy, hematologic malignancies, haematopoietic cell transplantation, diagnostic criteria, treatment algorithm
MeSH terms: Amphotericin B, Antifungal Agents, Humans, Disease Management, Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis

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