Detection of galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples of patients at risk for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: analytical and clinical validity

D'Haese, Jorien; Theunissen, Koen; Vermeulen, Edith; Schoemans, Hélène; De Vlieger, Greet; Lammertijn, Liesbet; Meersseman, Philippe; Meersseman, Wouter; Lagrou, Katrien; Maertens, Johan

doi:10.1128/jcm.06423-11

Cited by 186Antifungal resistance and susceptibilityFungal Infections and StudiesFungal and yeast genetics research

Detection of galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples of patients at risk for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: analytical and clinical validity

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D'Haese, Jorien, Theunissen, Koen, Vermeulen, Edith, Schoemans, Hélène, De Vlieger, Greet, Lammertijn, Liesbet, Meersseman, Philippe, Meersseman, Wouter +2 more·2012·Journal of Clinical Microbiology

DOI 10.1128/jcm.06423-11PMC PMC3318563

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Abstract

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is frequent and often fatal in immunosuppressed patients. Timely diagnosis of IPA improves survival but is difficult to make. We examined the analytical and clinical validity of galactomannan (GM) testing of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in diagnosing IPA in a mixed population by retrospectively reviewing records of 251 consecutive at-risk patients for whom BAL fluid GM testing was ordered. The performance of the enzyme immunoassay was evaluated by using a range of index cutoffs to define positivity. Three samples were associated with proven IPA, 56 were associated with probable IPA, 63 were associated with possible invasive fungal disease (IFD), and 129 were associated with no IFD. Using a BAL fluid GM index of ≥0.8 (optimal optical density [OD] index cutoff identified by a receiver operating characteristic curve), the sensitivity in diagnosing proven and probable IPA was 86.4%, and the specificity was 90.7%. At this cutoff, positive and negative predictive values were 81% and 93.6%, respectively. However, an OD index value of ≥3.0 corresponded to a 100% specificity, thus ruling the disease in, irrespective of the pretest probability. Conversely, an OD index cutoff of <0.5 corresponded to a high sensitivity, virtually always ruling the disease out. For all values in between, the posttest probability of IPA depends largely on the prevalence of disease in the at-risk population and the likelihood ratio of the OD index value. Detection of GM in BAL fluid samples of patients at risk of IPA has an excellent diagnostic accuracy provided results are interpreted in parallel with clinico-radiological findings and pretest probabilities.

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Detection of galactomannan from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid has been shown to be a useful and rapid tool for identification of invasive aspergillosis in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients.
“Detection of galactomannan (a polysaccharide antigen found primarily in the cells walls of Aspergillus species) from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), has been shown to be a useful and rapid tool for identification of IA in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients.58, 59, 60, 61”
From Co-infections in people with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2020) · cites this paper as [58]

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Authors: D'Haese, J., Theunissen, K., Vermeulen, E., Schoemans, H., De Vlieger, G., Lammertijn, L., Meersseman, P., Meersseman, W., Lagrou, K., & Maertens, J.
Affiliations: Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (BE)
Department of Hematology, Acute Leukemia and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Department of General Internal Medicine, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
ORCID: Vermeulen, Edith
Meersseman, Philippe
Meersseman, Wouter
Lagrou, Katrien
Maertens, Johan
Venue: Journal of Clinical Microbiology
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Published: 2012-04
Volume: 50
Issue: 4
Pages: 1258-1263
ISSN: 0095-1137 (ISSN-L)
1098-660X
DOI: 10.1128/jcm.06423-11
PMC: PMC3318563
OpenAlex: W2069266003
Cited by: 186
References: 34
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 10.16
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Clinical Microbiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Fungal Infections and Studies
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
Keywords: invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, galactomannan, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, enzyme immunoassay, diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity and specificity, predictive value, likelihood ratios, pretest probability, invasive fungal infections, immunocompromised patients
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid, Female, Galactose, Humans, Male, Mannans, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, ROC Curve, Immunocompromised Host, Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis, Young Adult

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Detection of galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples of patients at risk for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: analytical and clinical validity

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