Comparison of Two Methods for Measuring Salivary Cortisol
Abstract
The concentration of cortisol in the saliva reflects the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (1), and an increased late-night salivary cortisol has >95% sensitivity and specificity for Cushing syndrome (1)(2). We compared a commonly used modification of a RIA for serum cortisol with a new enzyme immunoassay (EIA) specifically designed to measure salivary cortisol in 352 saliva samples. The first samples (n = 195) were sent to our laboratory to screen for Cushing syndrome; all were collected at 2300 from 90 patients (age range, 17–77 years; 74 women and 16 men). The second set of samples (n = 104) was obtained at 2300 and 0700 from healthy, elderly patients (n = 52; age range, 67–82 years; 21 women and 31 men) who were part of a large, longitudinal study (3). The third set of samples (n = 53) was obtained at 2300 and 0700 from a group of apparently healthy individuals (n = 27; age range, 12–63 years; 16 women and 11 men). The study was approved by the appropriate Institutional Review Boards, and consent was obtained. Saliva was sampled as described previously (2)(4) with a collecting device (Salivettes with no preservative; Sarstedt).
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
LC-MS/MS techniques are more expensive and time-consuming than immunoassays.
“LC-MS/MS techniques are more expensive and time consuming, but carry advantages of high sensitivity and specificity and the possibility of simultaneous measurement of salivary cortisol and cortisone [8,9].”
From Salivary cortisol and cortisone in diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: a comparison of six different analytical methods (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
LC-MS/MS techniques have high sensitivity and specificity and can measure salivary cortisol and cortisone simultaneously.
“LC-MS/MS techniques are more expensive and time consuming, but carry advantages of high sensitivity and specificity and the possibility of simultaneous measurement of salivary cortisol and cortisone [8,9].”
From Salivary cortisol and cortisone in diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: a comparison of six different analytical methods (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
Cites
Berggren, K. N., Chernokalskaya, E., Steinberg, T. H., Kemper, C., Lopez, M. F., Diwu, Z., Haugland, R. P., & Patton, W. F. (2000) · Electrophoresis · doi:10.1002/1522-2683(20000701)21:12 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Arndt, T. (2001) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/47.1.13 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Late-night salivary cortisol as a screening test for cushing's syndrome
Raff, H. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.83.8.2681 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Self-citationTunn, S., Möllmann, H., Barth, J. H., Derendorf, H., & Krieg, M. (1992) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/38.8.1491 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Crivellente, F., Fracasso, G., Valentini, R., Manetto, G., Riviera, A. P., & Tagliaro, F. (2000) · Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Sciences and Applications · doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00309-6 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Determination of Carbohydrate-deficient Transferrin Using Capillary Zone Electrophoresis
Wuyts, B., Delanghe, J., Kasvosve, I., Wauters, A., Neels, H. M., & Janssens, J. (2001) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/47.2.247 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Giordano, B. C., Muza–Moons, M. M., Trout, A. L., & Landers, J. P. (2000) · Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Sciences and Applications · doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00128-6 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Tagliaro, F., Crivellente, F., Manetto, G., Puppi, I., Deyl, Z., & Marigo, M. (1998) · Electrophoresis · doi:10.1002/elps.1150191640 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Analysis of carbohydrate deficient transferrin by capillary zone electrophoresis
Prasad, R., Stout, R. L., Coffin, D. B., & Smith, J. (1997) · Electrophoresis · doi:10.1002/elps.1150181016 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Raff, H. (2000) · The Endocrinologist · doi:10.1097/00019616-200010010-00004 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationInnovative Technologies for the Diagnosis of Alcohol Abuse and Monitoring Abstinence
Bean, P., Harasymiw, J. W., Peterson, C. M., & Javors, M. (2001) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02214.x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Measuring cortisol in human psychobiological studies.
Levine, A., Zagoory-Sharon, O., Feldman, R., Lewis, J., & Weller, A. (2007) · Physiology and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.08.025 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Seth, S., Lewis, A. J., & Galbally, M. (2016) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-016-0915-y · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Nighttime salivary cortisol: a useful test for the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome.
Papanicolaou, D. A., Mullen, N., Kyrou, I., & Nieman, L. K. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020534 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Liening, S. H., Stanton, S. J., Saini, E. K., & Schultheiss, O. C. (2009) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.10.001 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Cortisol assays and diagnostic laboratory procedures in human biological fluids.
Gatti, R., Antonelli, G., Prearo, M., Spinella, P., Cappellin, E., & Palo, E. D. D. (2009) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.04.011 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Morning cortisol levels in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis
Girshkin, L., Matheson, S. L., Shepherd, A. M., & Green, M. J. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.07.013 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Hansen, Å. M., Garde, A. H., & Persson, R. (2008) · Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.1080/00365510701819127 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
A physiologic approach to diagnosis of the Cushing syndrome.
Raff, H., & Findling, J. W. (2003) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-138-12-200306170-00010 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Self-citationUtility of salivary cortisol measurements in Cushing's syndrome and adrenal insufficiency
Raff, H. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-1166 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Self-citationComparison of salivary cortisol as measured by different immunoassays and tandem mass spectrometry
Miller, R., Plessow, F., Rauh, M., Gröschl, M., & Kirschbaum, C. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.04.019 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Baid, S. K., Sinaii, N., Wade, M., Rubino, D., & Nieman, L. K. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-2861 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Salivary cortisol and cortisone in the clinical setting
Blair, J., Adaway, J., Keevil, B., & Ross, R. (2017) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000328 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Screening and diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome
Findling, J. W., & Raff, H. (2005) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2005.02.001 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citationWithin seasons and among years: When are corticosterone levels repeatable?
Ouyang, J. Q., Hau, M., & Bonier, F. (2011) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.08.004 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Egliston, K.-A., McMahon, C. A., & Austin, M. (2006) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.10.003 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Radioimmunoassay, enzyme and non-enzyme-based immunoassays
Grange, R. D., Thompson, J. P., & Lambert, D. G. (2014) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1093/bja/aet293 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
New enzyme immunoassay for salivary cortisol
Raff, H., Homar, P. J., & Skoner, D. P. (2003) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/49.1.203 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationWorthman, C. M., & Panter‐Brick, C. (2008) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579408000114 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
McCormick, R. K. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Automated Measurement of Salivary Cortisol
van Aken, M. O., Romijn, J. A., Miltenburg, J. A., & Lentjes, E. G. W. M. (2003) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/49.8.1408 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Cushing Syndrome: Diagnostic Workup and Imaging Features, With Clinical and Pathologic Correlation
Wagner‐Bartak, N. A., Baiomy, A., Habra, M. A., Mukhi, S. V., Morani, A. C., Korivi, B. R., Waguespack, S. G., & Elsayes, K. M. (2017) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.16.17290 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Salivary cortisol on ROCHE Elecsys immunoassay system: pilot biological variation studies
Chiu, S. K., Collier, C. P., CLARK, A. F., & Wynne‐Edwards, K. E. (2003) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0009-9120(02)00471-x · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Deutschbein, T., Broecker-Preuss, M., Flitsch, J., Jaeger, A., Althoff, R., Walz, M. K., Mann, K., & Petersenn, S. (2012) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-11-0945 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
A new device for collecting saliva for cortisol determination
de Weerth, C., Jansen, J., Vos, M. H., Maitimu-Smeele, I., & Lentjes, E. G. W. M. (2007) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.07.005 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Acute Physiologic Stress and Subsequent Anxiety Among Family Members of ICU Patients
Beesley, S. J., Hopkins, R. O., Holt‐Lunstad, J., Wilson, E. L., Butler, J. M., Kuttler, K. G., Orme, J. F., Brown, S. M., & Hirshberg, E. L. (2017) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000002835 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Perogamvros, I., Owen, L. J., Keevil, B. G., Brabant, G., & Trainer, P. J. (2010) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03582.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Man, I. S. C., Shao, R., Hou, W. K., Li, S. X., Liu, F. Y., Lee, M., Wing, Y. K., Yau, S., & Lee, T. M. C. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.101050 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Hawley, J. M., & Keevil, B. G. (2016) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.05.014 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Pratt, W. M., & Davidson, D. (2009) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agp007 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Bekő, G., Varga, I., Gláz, E., Sereg, M., Feldman, K., Tóth, M., Rácz, K., & Patócs, A. (2009) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2009.11.033 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Human saliva cortisone and cortisol simultaneous analysis using reverse phase HPLC technique
Palo, E. F. D., Antonelli, G., Benetazzo, A., Prearo, M., & Gatti, R. D. (2009) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2009.04.006 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Conditioning saliva for use in a microfluidic biosensor
Helton, K. L., Nelson, K. E., Fu, E. S., & Yager, P. (2008) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/b811150b · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Measurement of Cortisol in Small Quantities of Saliva
de Weerth, C., Graat, G. H. M., Buitelaar, J. K., & Thijssen, J. H. H. (2003) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/49.4.658 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Evaluation of Plasma, Salivary, and Urinary Cortisol Levels for Diagnosis of Cushing’s Syndrome
Sakihara, S., Kageyama, K., Oki, Y., Doi, M., Iwasaki, Y., Takayasu, S., Moriyama, T., Terui, K., Nigawara, T., Hirata, Y., et al. (2010) · Endocrine Journal · doi:10.1507/endocrj.k09e-340 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Yaneva, M., Кirilov, G., & Zacharieva, S. (2009) · Open Medicine · doi:10.2478/s11536-009-0004-y · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Diagnostic value of salivary cortisol in Cushing's syndrome (CS)
Cardoso, E. M. L., Arregger, A. L., Tumilasci, O. R., & Contreras, L. N. (2008) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03381.x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Helton, K. L., & Yager, P. (2007) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/b709585f · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Análise crítica do cortisol salivar na avaliação do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal
de Castro, M., & Moreira, A. C. (2003) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia · doi:10.1590/s0004-27302003000400008 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Salivary Flow and Composition in Healthy And Diseased Adults
Rantonen, P. J. F. (2003) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Victoroff, J., Quota, S., Adelman, J. R., Celinska, B., Stern, N., Wilcox, R., & Sapolsky, R. (2011) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.20376 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Screening and diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome
de Castro, M., & Moreira, A. C. (2007) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia · doi:10.1590/s0004-27302007000800004 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Resting steroid hormone concentrations in lifetime exercisers and lifetime sedentary males
Hayes, L. D., Sculthorpe, N. F., Herbert, P., Baker, J. S., Hullin, D. A., Kilduff, L. P., & Grace, F. (2014) · The Aging Male · doi:10.3109/13685538.2014.977246 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Novel Insights in the Diagnosis of Cushing’s Syndrome
Alexandraki, K., & Grossman, A. B. (2010) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000314295 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
A Bioluminescent Probe for Salivary Cortisol
Kim, S. B., Takenaka, Y., & Torimura, M. (2011) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc200220k · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Current Challenges and Future Directions in the Assessment of Glucocorticoid Status
Clarke, S. A., Eng, P. C., Comninos, A. N., Lazarus, K., Choudhury, S., Tsang, C., Meeran, K. M., Tan, T., Dhillo, W. S., & Abbara, A. (2024) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnae016 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Deutschbein, T., Unger, N., Hinrichs, J., Walz, M. K., Mann, K., & Petersenn, S. (2009) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-09-0517 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Diagnostic Value of Salivary Cortisol in Children with Abnormal Adrenal Cortex Functions
Çetinkaya, S. Ç., Özön, A., & Yordam, N. (2007) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000100363 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
HOW TO MEASURE STRESS IN HUMANS
LUPIEN, S. J. (2013) · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Crewther, B. T., Al‐Dujaili, E. A. S., Smail, N. F., Anastasova, S., Kilduff, L. P., & Cook, C. J. (2012) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.11.019 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Trends in Analysis of Cortisol and Its Derivatives
Boolani, A., Channaveerappa, D., Dupree, E. J., Jayathirtha, M., Aslebagh, R., Grobe, S., Wilkinson, T., & Darie, C. C. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-15950-4_39 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Fraser, R., Gower, D. B., Honour, J. W., Ingram, M. C., Kicman, A. T., Makin, H. L. J., & Stewart, P. M. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1023/b135931_5 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Carrozza, C., Lapolla, R., Gervasoni, J., Rota, C. A., Locantore, P., Pontecorvi, A., Zuppi, C., & Persichilli, S. (2012) · HORMONES · doi:10.14310/horm.2002.1363 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Role of salivary cortisol determinations in the diagnosis of Cushing syndrome
Raff, H. (2004) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1097/01.med.0000132655.69704.8c · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationUsing an algorithmic approach to secondary amenorrhea: Avoiding diagnostic error
Roberts‐Wilson, T. K., Spencer, J. B., & Fantz, C. R. (2013) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2013.04.007 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Glucs, Z. E., Smith, D. R., Tubbs, C., Scherbinski, J. J., Welch, A., Burnett, J., Clark, M., Eng, C., & Finkelstein, M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205565 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Bäcklund, N., Brattsand, G., Lundstedt, S., Aardal, E., Bartuseviciene, I., Berinder, K., Höybye, C., Burman, P., Edén Engström, B., Isaksson, A., et al. (2023) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2023-0141 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Methods to Quantify Basal and Stress-Induced Cortisol Response in Larval Zebrafish
Steenbergen, P. J., Metz, J. R., Flik, G., Richardson, M. K., & Champagne, D. L. (2012) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-597-8_9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Update on the Diagnosis of Cushing Syndrome
Liu, H., & Crapo, L. M. (2005) · The Endocrinologist · doi:10.1097/01.ten.0000162374.56442.ea · Cited by 8 · see citing works
García‐Banda, G., Martínez-Abascal, M. Á., Riesco, M. D., & Pérez, G. (2004) · Psicothema · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mert, M., Tanakol, R., Karpuzoğlu, F. H., Doğru‐Abbasoğlu, S., Yarman, S., Boztepe, H., & Alagöl, F. (2013) · Archives of Medical Science · doi:10.5114/aoms.2013.38681 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Advances in the Diagnosis and Medical Management of Cushing's Syndrome
Delivanis, D. A., Sharma, A. R., Hamidi, O., Shah, M., & Bancos, I. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-66195-9.00015-7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Measuring salivary cortisol with the Architect i2000 random access analyser
Heijboer, A. C., Martens, F., & Blankenstein, M. A. (2009) · Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1258/acb.2008.008239 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Determinación de los niveles de cortisol salival en una muestra de sujetos de Santiago de Chile
Lépez, M., Caamaño, E., Romero, C., Fiedler, J. L., & Araya, V. (2010) · Revista médica de Chile · doi:10.4067/s0034-98872010000200004 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Dlugash, G., Rauh, M., Carré, J. M., Marcellus, A. L., Plachecki, S., & Schultheiss, O. C. (2025) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107618 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Diagnóstico laboratorial de síndrome de Cushing.
Alves, M., Neves, C., & Medina, J. L. (2010) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.20344/amp.594 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
atualização Análise Crítica do Cortisol Salivar na Avaliação do Eixo Hipotálamo- Hipófise-Adrenal
de Castro, M., & Moreira, A. C. (2003) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Jones, S., & Banaszkiewicz, P. A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108686624.028 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hipercortisolismo de origen adrenal
Medina-Rivero, D., Cornejo-Domínguez, J. M., Sánchez-Toscano, E., & Roca-Rodríguez, M. M. (2020) · Medicine - Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado · doi:10.1016/j.med.2020.10.011 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
EFFECT OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC EXERCISE ON IMMUNOENDOCRINE RESPONSES IN PROFESSIONAL RUGBY UNION
Cunniffe, B. (2009) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cushing's Syndrome : hormonal secretion patterns, treatment and outcome
van Aken, & Otto, M. (2005)
Drake, W. M., Keevil, B. G., & Trainer, P. J. (2022) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0006
Detection and measurement of stress hormones with mass spectrometry
Tanner, A. (2012) · Greenwich Academic Literature Archive (University of Greenwich)
- Authors
- Raff, H., Homar, P. J., & Burns, E. A.
- Affiliations
- Medical College of Wisconsin (US)
- Aurora St. Luke's Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Raff, Hershel
- Venue
- Clinical Chemistry
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2002-01-01
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 207-208
- ISSN
- 0009-9147 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8561
- OpenAlex
- W1941083590
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Clinical Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR000058, M01 RR00058-38)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control
- Keywords
- salivary cortisol, Cushing's syndrome, enzyme immunoassay, radioimmunoassay, late-night salivary cortisol, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cushing Syndrome, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Immunoenzyme Techniques, Male, Middle Aged, Saliva
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
