CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 105

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Unsolvable Fear, Trauma, and Psychopathology: Theory, Research, and Clinical Considerations Related to Disorganized Attachment Across the Life Span

Cassidy, Jude, Mohr, Jonathan J.·2001·Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice
DOI 10.1093/clipsy.8.3.275
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

This article features a selective review of attachment theory and research that have contributed knowledge about dynamics underlying early trauma, mechanisms by which maladaptive responses to trauma may be transmitted between generations, and trauma-related risk factors for psychopathology in children, adolescents, and adults. First, we focus on the foundations of attachment theory and discuss ways in which the attachment, exploratory, and fear behavioral systems interact to promote infants' survival. The second section of the paper examines the connection between frightening experiences and disorganized attachment. Infants who are regularly and seriously frightened by aspects of their caregiving environment are believed to be at risk for “unsolvable fear” in which organized attachment responses to fear are impossible. We describe the behaviors and representations characteristic of disorganized children and their parents. Next, we review recent research about relations among attachment, trauma, and psychopathology across the lifespan. Finally, we discuss implications of these findings for clinical practice.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/clipsy.8.3.275

Cites

10 of 10 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 104

  1. Adam, 1996, Attachment organization and history of suicidal behavior in adolescents, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 264, 10.1037/0022-006X.64.2.264 · DOI
  2. Ainsworth, 1978, Patterns of attachment
  3. Ainsworth, 1991, Attachment across the life cycle, 160
  4. Alexander, 1992, Application of attachment theory to the study of sexual abuse, Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology, 60, 185, 10.1037/0022-006X.60.2.185 · DOI
  5. Bakermans-Kranenburg, 1999, Unresolved loss due to miscarriage: An addition to the Adult Attachment Interview, Attachment and Human Development, i, 157, 10.1080/14616739900134211 · DOI
  6. Bartholomew, 1998, Attachment theory and close relationships, 25
  7. Beck, 1979, Cognitive therapy of depression
  8. Belsky, 1999, Handbook of Attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications, 249
  9. Berlin, 1999, Handbook of Attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications, 688
  10. Bowlby, 1958, The nature of the child's tie to his mother, International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 39, 350
  11. Bowlby, 1973, Attachment and loss, Vol. 2: Separation
  12. Bowlby, 1980, Attachment and loss, Vol. 3: Loss
  13. Bowlby, 1988, A secure base
  14. Brazelton, 1990, The earliest relationship: Parents, infants, and the drama of early attachment
  15. Breslau, 1991, Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults, Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 216, 10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810270028003 · DOI
  16. Briere, 1996, Therapy for adults molested as children: Beyond survival
  17. Carlson, 1998, A prospective longitudinal study of attachment disorganization/disorientation, Child Development, 69, 1107, 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06163.x · DOI
  18. Cassidy, 1988, Child-mother attachment and the self in six-year olds, Child Development, 59, 121, 10.2307/1130394 · DOI
  19. Cassidy, 1999, Handbook of Attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications, 3
  20. Cassidy, 2000, Adult romantic attachments: A developmental perspective on individual differences, Review of General Psychology, 4, 111, 10.1037/1089-2680.4.2.111 · DOI
  21. Cassidy, Truth, lies, and intimacy: An attachment perspective, Attachment and Human Development
  22. Cassidy, 1994, The insecure/ambivalent pattern of attachment: Theory and research, Child Development, 65, 971, 10.2307/1131298 · DOI
  23. Colin, 1996, Human attachment
  24. Cooper, 2000, June, The Circle of Security: Enhancing attachment in at-riskfami-lies
  25. Diamond, 1999, Borderline conditions and attachment: A preliminary report, Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 19, 831, 10.1080/07351699909534278 · DOI
  26. Dozier, 1999, Handbook of Attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications, 497
  27. Erickson, 1999, Infants, toddlers, and families: A framework for support and intervention
  28. Fonagy, 1991, Thinking about thinking: Some clinical and theoretical considerations in the treatment of the borderline patient, International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 72, 639
  29. Fonagy, 1997, Multiple voices vs. meta-cognition: An attachment theory perspective, Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 7, 181, 10.1037/h0101122 · DOI
  30. Fonagy, 1999, Handbook of Attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications, 595
  31. Fonagy, 1996, The relation of attachment status, psychiatric classification, and response to psychotherapy, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 22, 10.1037/0022-006X.64.1.22 · DOI
  32. Fonagy, 1995, Attachment theory: Social, developmental, and clinical perspectives, 233
  33. Fraiberg, 1980, Clinical studies in infant mental health: The first year of life
  34. Freedy, 1995, Traumatic stress: From theory to practice, 3, 10.1007/978-1-4899-1076-9_1 · DOI
  35. Fullerton, 1997, Posttraumatic stress disorder: Acute and long-term responses to trauma and disaster, 3
  36. George, 1996, Adult Attachment Interview
  37. Greenberg, 1999, Handbook of Attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications, 469
  38. Herman, 1989, Childhood trauma in borderline personality disorder, American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 490, 10.1176/ajp.146.4.490 · DOI
  39. Hertzgaard, 1995, Adrenocortical response to the strange situation in infants with disorganized/disoriented attachment relationships, Child Development, 66, 1100, 10.2307/1131801 · DOI
  40. Hesse, 1996, Discourse, memory, and the Adult Attachment Interview: A note with emphasis on the emerging Cannot Classify category, Infant Mental Health Journal, 17, 4, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0355(199621)17:1<4::AID-IMHJ1>3.0.CO;2-S · DOI
  41. Hesse, 1999, Handbook of Attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications, 395
  42. Hesse, 1999, Second-generation effects of unresolved trauma as observed in non-maltreating parents: Dissociated, frightened, and threatening parental behavior, Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 19, 481, 10.1080/07351699909534265 · DOI
  43. Hesse, 2000, Disorganized infant, child, and adult attachment: Collapse in behavioral and attentional strategies, Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 48, 1097, 10.1177/00030651000480041101 · DOI · Paper page
  44. Hesse, 1998, Parental loss of close family members and propensities towards absorption in offspring, Developmental Science, I, 299, 10.1111/1467-7687.00045 · DOI
  45. Hesse, 1999, Propensities towards absorption are related to lapses in the monitoring or reasoning or discourse during the Adult Attachment Interview: A preliminary investigation, Attachment and Human Development, 1, 67, 10.1080/14616739900134031 · DOI
  46. Jacobsen, 1994, A longitudinal study of the relation between representations of attachment in childhood and cognitive functioning in childhood and adolescence, Developmental Psychology, 30, 112, 10.1037/0012-1649.30.1.112 · DOI
  47. Jacobvitz, 1998, March, Frightening caregiving: Links with mothers' loss and trauma
  48. Jacobvitz, 1999, Attachment disorganization, 127
  49. Kagan, 1984, The nature of the child
  50. Kaplan , N. 1987 Individual differences in 6-year-olds' thoughts about separation: Predicted from attachment to mother at age I doctoral dissertation University of California at Berkeley
  51. Kernberg, 1975, Borderline, conditions and pathological narcissism
  52. Kilpatrick, 1992, Rape in America: A report to the nation
  53. Kotch, 1999, Violence in homes and communities: Prevention, intervention, and treatment. Issues in children's and families' lives, Vol. 11, 1
  54. Lieberman, 1990, Attachment in the preschool years, 375
  55. Lieberman, 1999, Handbook of Attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications, 555
  56. Liotti, 1992, Disorganized/disoriented attachment in the etiology of the dissociative disorders, Dissociation: Progress in the dissociative disorders, 5, 196
  57. Liotti, 1995, Attachment theory: Social, developmental, and clinical perspectives, 343
  58. Liotti, 1999a, Attachment disorganization, 291
  59. Liotti, 1999b, Understanding the dissociative processes: The contribution of attachment theory, Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 19, 757, 10.1080/07351699909534275 · DOI
  60. Liotti, 1998, Cognitive psychotherapy of psychotic and personality disorders: Handbook of theory and practice, 333
  61. Lyons-Ruth, 1996, The disturbed caregiving system: Relations among childhood trauma, maternal care-giving, and infant affect and attachment, Infant Mental Health Journal, 11, 257, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0355(199623)17:3<257::AID-IMHJ5>3.0.CO;2-L · DOI · Paper page
  62. Lyons-Ruth, 1999, Attachment disorganization, 33
  63. Lyons-Ruth, 1999, Maternal frightened, frightening, or atypical behavior and disorganized infant attachment patterns, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 64, 67, 10.1111/1540-5834.00034 · DOI · Paper page
  64. Lyons-Ruth, 1999, Handbook of Attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications, 520
  65. Main, 1981, Behavioral development: The Bielefeld Interdisciplinary Project, 651
  66. Main, 1990, Cross-cultural studies of attachment organization: Recent studies, changing methodologies, and the concept of conditional strategies, Human Development, 33, 48, 10.1159/000276502 · DOI
  67. Main, 1988, Categories of response to reunion with the parent at age six: Predictable from infant attachment classifications and stable over a 1 -month period, Developmental Psychology, 24, 415, 10.1037/0012-1649.24.3.415 · DOI · Paper page
  68. Main, 1984, Predicting rejection of her infant from mother's representation of her own experience: Implications for the abused-abusing intergenerational cycle, Child Abuse & Neglect, 8, 203, 10.1016/0145-2134(84)90009-7 · DOI
  69. Main, 1998, Adult attachment scoring and classification system
  70. Main, 1990, Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention, 161
  71. Main, 1992, Attaccamento e psicoanalisi, 86
  72. Main, 1998, Frightening, frightened, dissociated, deferential, sexualized and disorganized parental behavior: A coding system for frightening parent-infant interactions
  73. Main, 1986, Affective development in infancy, 95
  74. Main, 1990, Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention, 121
  75. Main, 1981, The quality of the toddler's relationship to mother and to father: Related to conflict behavior and the readiness to establish new relationships, Child Development, 52, 932, 10.2307/1129097 · DOI · Paper page
  76. McDonough, 1993, The handbook of infant mental health, 414
  77. Mickelson, 1997, Adult attachment in a nationally representative sample, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1092, 10.1037/0022-3514.73.5.1092 · DOI · Paper page
  78. Minuchin, 1974, Families and family therapy, 10.4159/9780674041127 · DOI
  79. Moss, 1999, Attachment disorganization, 160
  80. Muscetta, 1999, “States of mind with respect to attachment” and change in a psychotherapeutic relationship: A study of the coherence of transcript in a short-term psychotherapy with an adolescent, Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 19, 885, 10.1080/07351699909534279 · DOI
  81. Nigg, 1992, Malevolent object representations in borderline personality disorder and major depression, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 61, 10.1037/0021-843X.101.1.61 · DOI
  82. Nigg, 1991, Object representations in the early memories of sexually abused borderline patients, American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 864, 10.1176/ajp.148.7.864 · DOI
  83. Paris, 1992, A critical review of the role of childhood sexual abuse in the etiology of borderline personality disorder, Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 125, 10.1177/070674379203700210 · DOI
  84. Perry, 1999, Splintered reflections: Images of the body in trauma, 9
  85. Pianta, 1999, Attachment disorganization, 379
  86. Schneider, 1993, Repeated social stress during pregnancy impairs neuromotor development on the primate infant, Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 14, 81, 10.1097/00004703-199304000-00002 · DOI
  87. Seligman, 1975, Helplessness
  88. Siegel, 1999, The developing mind: Toward a neurobiology of interpersonal experience
  89. Solomon, 1999a, Handbook of Attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications, 287
  90. Solomon, 1999b, Attachment disorganization, 3
  91. Solomon, 1995, Children classified as controlling at age six: Evidence of disorganized representational strategies and aggression at home and school, Development and Psychopathology, 7, 447, 10.1017/S0954579400006623 · DOI
  92. Spangler, 1996, Social and individual determinants of attachment security, maternal sensitivity, and infant temperament during the first year, Infant Mental Health Journal, 17, 127, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0355(199622)17:2<127::AID-IMHJ3>3.0.CO;2-N · DOI
  93. Spangler, 1999, Attachment disorganization, 95
  94. Sroufe, 1990, Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology, Vol. 1: The emergence of a discipline, 13
  95. Steele, 1996, Associations among attachment classifications of mothers, fathers, and their infants, Child Development, 67, 541, 10.2307/1131831 · DOI
  96. Tellegen, 1974, Openness to absorbing and self-altering experiences (“absorption”), a trait related to hypnotic susceptibility, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 83, 268, 10.1037/h0036681 · DOI · Paper page
  97. Thompson, 1999, Handbook of Attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications, 265
  98. IJzendoorn, 1996, Attachment representations in mothers, fathers, adolescents, and clinical groups: A meta-analytic search for normative data, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 8, 10.1037/0022-006X.64.1.8 · DOI
  99. IJzendoorn, 1999, Disorganized attachment in early childhood: Meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants, and sequalae, Development and Psychopathology, 11, 225, 10.1017/S0954579499002035 · DOI · Paper page
  100. Vaughn, 1999, Handbook of Attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications, 198
  101. Warren, 1997, Child and adolescent anxiety disorders and early attachment, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 637, 10.1097/00004583-199705000-00014 · DOI
  102. Wartner, 1994, Attachment patterns at age six in south Germany: Predictability from infancy and implications for preschool behavior, Child Development, 65, 1014, 10.2307/1131301 · DOI
  103. Waters, 1993, Competence, courage, and change: An approach to family therapy
  104. Westen, 1990, Object relations and social cognition in borderlines, major depressives, and normals: A Thematic Apperception Test analysis, Psychological Assessment, 2, 355, 10.1037/1040-3590.2.4.355 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 105

Metadata

Authors
Cassidy, J., & Mohr, J. J.
Venue
Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
2001
Volume
8
Issue
3
Pages
275-298
ISSN
  • 1468-2850
  • 0969-5893
DOI
10.1093/clipsy.8.3.275
Cited by
105
References
10
Language
en
Licence
doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm, 5356 d)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review