HIV infection and cardiovascular disease
Abstract
AIMS: With the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), non-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related comorbidities like cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are of increasing concern. We describe important recent research developments on the epidemiology of CVD in HIV infection, ART-related metabolic changes, and cardioprotective anti-inflammatory mechanisms, and summarize management strategies for CVD risk reduction. METHODS AND RESULTS: We systematically identified and analysed systematic reviews and most cited literature published in the last 3 years and supplemented findings with selected evidence based on clinical expertise. Among HIV-infected individuals, the prevalence of CVD risk factors and the risk for CVD is higher compared with HIV negatives. Antiretroviral drugs may induce dyslipidaemia, reduce insulin sensitivity, and promote body fat redistribution that additionally contributes to CVD risk. Some antiretroviral drugs may increase risk for CVD events, but the absolute risk increase is moderate and has to be put into perspective with the massive HIV-related benefits. Sustained HIV suppression reduces systemic inflammatory markers and is associated with a moderate reduction in CVD events. Regular CVD risk assessment and counselling to stop smoking must be regularly done in all HIV-infected individuals. Statins are effective for the treatment of dyslipidaemia in HIV infection, but drug interactions with ART need to be considered. CONCLUSION: Human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals are at increased risk for CVD. Timely initiation of ART with consequent viral suppression is likely to reduce CVD events and to offset potential side effects from ART-induced metabolic changes. Reduction in smoking in HIV-infected individuals is a public health priority.
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HIV-infected patients typically have low total cholesterol and LDL-C, low HDL-C and increased triglycerides.
“HIV-infected patients typically have low TC and LDL-C, as well as low HDL-C and increased TGs.430,431”
From 2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias (2016) · cites this paper as [431]
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2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias
Catapano, A. L., Graham, I., De Backer, G., Wiklund, O., Chapman, M. J., Drexel, H., Hoes, A. W., Jennings, C. S., Landmesser, U., Pedersen, T. R., et al. (2016) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.08.018 · Cited by 1,582 · see citing works
Mbuagbaw, L., Mursleen, S., Lytvyn, L., Smieja, M., Dolovich, L., & Thabane, L. (2015) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-014-0654-6 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hemkens, L. G., & Bucher, H. C.
- Affiliations
- University Hospital of Basel (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Bucher, H. C.
- Venue
- European Heart Journal
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2014-01-09
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 1373-1381
- ISSN
- 0195-668X (ISSN-L)
- 1522-9645
- OpenAlex
- W2123715863
- Cited by
- 251
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 11
- FWCI
- 6.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Heart Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- reroDoc Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › HIV-related health complications and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Keywords
- HIV infection, cardiovascular disease, antiretroviral therapy, cardiotoxicity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, fat redistribution, systemic inflammation, viral suppression, statins, drug interactions, smoking cessation, cardiovascular risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Hypolipidemic Agents, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetic Angiopathies, Drug Interactions, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Prognosis, Risk Factors, Vasculitis, HIV Infections, Risk Assessment, Anti-HIV Agents, HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome
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