HRS/EHRA Expert Consensus on the Monitoring of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices (CIEDs): Description of Techniques, Indications, Personnel, Frequency and Ethical Considerations
Abstract
This document represents expert consensus concerning the Monitoring of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices (CIEDs). The views expressed are of the international writing group consisting of seven cardiac electrophysiologists representing the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), six from the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) as well as one heart failure specialist representing the Heart Failure Society of America and another from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Members from our writing group also represented the American College of Cardiology (Kenneth A. Ellenbogen, MD), the European Society of Cardiology (Silvia G. Priori, MD, PhD), and the American Heart Association (David L. Hayes, MD). The topic covered by this document includes the monitoring of CIEDs with a description of the technology, indications for use, personnel involved in monitoring and the frequency and types of monitoring events. Also covered are issues in regard to data management, regulatory environments, reimbursement and ethical considerations in respect to device inactivation. This statement summarizes the opinion of the writing group members based on their own experience in treating patients, as well as a review of the literature, and is directed to all health care professionals, health care institutions, CIED manufacturers and governmental, reimbursement and regulatory bodies who are involved in the care of patients with CIEDs. When using or considering the guidance given in this document, it is important to remember that the ultimate judgment regarding care of a particular patient must be made by the health care provider and patient in light of all the circumstances presented by that patient.
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These tests are rarely administered preventatively, despite research which concludes that preventative testing could reduce deaths by up to 25%.
“Additionally, these tests are rarely administered preventatively, despite research which concludes that preventative testing could reduce deaths by up to 25% [1].”
From Sources of inaccuracy in photoplethysmography for continuous cardiovascular monitoring (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
RCIM has proven to be a promising route to deliver preventative care by reducing both the death rate and burdens placed on the healthcare system.
“Remote and continuous/intermittent monitoring (RCIM) has proven to be a promising route to deliver preventative care by reducing both the death rate and burdens placed on the healthcare system [1,2,3].”
From Sources of inaccuracy in photoplethysmography for continuous cardiovascular monitoring (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Wilkoff, B. L., Auricchio, A., Brugada, J., Cowie, M., Ellenbogen, K. A., Gillis, A. M., Hayes, D. L., Howlett, J. G., Kautzner, J., Love, C. J., Morgan, J. M., Priori, S. G., Reynolds, D. W., Schoenfeld, M. H., & Vardas, P. E.
- Affiliations
- Cleveland Clinic (US)
- Istituto Cardiocentro Ticino (CH)
- University of Barcelona 3 Thorax Institute–Hospital Clinic , , Barcelona ,
- 4 Imperial College London, NHLI, London, United Kingdom
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Dalhousie University (CA)
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (CZ)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- 11 Corner Cottage, Hampshire, United Kingdom
- Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri (IT)
- University of Oklahoma (US)
- Yale University (US)
- University Hospital of Heraklion (GR)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Europace
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2008-06-01
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 707-725
- ISSN
- 1099-5129 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-2092
- OpenAlex
- W3040158654
- Cited by
- 231
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 10.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- EP Europace (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac pacing and defibrillation studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Healthcare Technology and Patient Monitoring
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › ECG Monitoring and Analysis
- Keywords
- cardiac implantable electronic devices, cardiac pacemaker, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, remote monitoring, data management, regulatory environment, reimbursement, ethical considerations, monitoring frequency
- MeSH terms
- Europe, Pacemaker, Artificial, Product Surveillance, Postmarketing, Quality Assurance, Health Care, Defibrillators, Implantable, Consensus
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