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Electromagnetic interference in cardiac electronic implants caused by novel electrical appliances emitting electromagnetic fields in the intermediate frequency range: a systematic review
Open accessAbstract
Electromagnetic fields (EMF) in the intermediate frequency (IF) range are generated by many novel electrical appliances, including electric vehicles, radiofrequency identification systems, induction hobs, or energy supply systems, such as wireless charging systems. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate whether cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) are susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI) in the IF range (1 kHz-1 MHz). Additionally, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of studies used to investigate EMI. Using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement, we collected and evaluated studies examining EMI in in vivo studies, in vitro studies (phantom studies, benchmark tests), and simulation studies. Our analysis revealed that cardiac implants are susceptible to malfunction induced by EMF in the IF range. Electromagnetic interference may in particular be provoked by security systems and induction hobs. The results of the studies evaluated in this systematic review further indicate that the likelihood for EMI is dependent on exposure-related parameters (field strength, frequency, and modulation) and on implant- as well as on lead-related parameters (model, type of implant, implant sensitivity setting, lead configuration, and implantation site). The review shows that the factors influencing EMI are not sufficiently characterized and EMF limit values for CIED patients cannot be derived yet. Future studies should therefore, consider exposure-related parameters as well as implant- and lead-related parameters systematically. Additionally, worst-case scenarios should be considered in all study types where possible.
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Wireless charging methods like inductive coupling can cause electromagnetic interference (EMI) with RF-based data transmission, disrupting communication integrity.
“Wireless charging methods like inductive coupling, while efficient for power delivery, can cause electromagnetic interference (EMI) with RF-based data transmission, disrupting communication integrity (Seckler et al., 2015; Driessen et al., 2019; Nadeem et al., 2021).”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Driessen et al., 2019
The Results (Phantom studies; page not provided) report that some wireless power-transfer systems caused EMI in cardiac implants. The paper does not report interference with RF-based data transmission or disrupted communication integrity, so it supports only the broader wireless-charging EMI point. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Metadata
- Authors
- Driessen, S., Napp, A., Schmiedchen, K., Kraus, T., & Stunder, D.
- Affiliations
- Universitätsklinikum Aachen (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Driessen, Sarah
- Venue
- EP Europace
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2018-07-09
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 219-229
- ISSN
- 1099-5129 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-2092
- PMC
- PMC6365808
- OpenAlex
- W2815969551
- Cited by
- 76
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 0.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- EP Europace (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- European Research Group on Environment and Health in the Transport Sector
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac pacing and defibrillation studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electromagnetic Compatibility and Noise Suppression
- Keywords
- electromagnetic interference, cardiac implantable electronic devices, electric vehicles, induction hob, wireless charging, equipment failure, electromagnetic field exposure, lead configuration
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cooking, Electromagnetic Fields, Environmental Exposure, Household Articles, Humans, Pacemaker, Artificial, Electric Power Supplies, Prosthesis Design, Prosthesis Failure, Risk Factors, Defibrillators, Implantable, Risk Assessment
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