Hacking the host: exploitation of macrophage polarization by intracellular bacterial pathogens
Open accessAbstract
Macrophages play an integral role in host defenses against intracellular bacterial pathogens. A remarkable plasticity allows for adaptation to the needs of the host to orchestrate versatile innate immune responses to a variety of microbial threats. Several bacterial pathogens have adapted to macrophage plasticity and modulate the classical (M1) or alternative (M2) activation bias towards a polarization state that increases fitness for intracellular survival. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the host macrophage and intracellular bacterial interface; highlighting the roles of M1/M2 polarization in host defense and the mechanisms employed by several important intracellular pathogens to modulate macrophage polarization to favor persistence or proliferation. Understanding macrophage polarization in the context of disease caused by different bacterial pathogens is important for the identification of targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Recent advances in the pathogenesis and prevention strategies of dental calculus
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- Authors
- Thiriot, J. D., Martinez-Martinez, Y. B., Endsley, J. J., & Torres, A. G.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (US)
- Corresponding author
- Endsley, Janice J
- Torres, Alfredo G
- Venue
- Pathogens and Disease
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2020-02-01
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 2049-632X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7069348
- OpenAlex
- W3007612725
- Cited by
- 103
- References
- 141
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 1.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Pathogens and Disease (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH (AI12660101, HL129881)
- ConTex-Conacyt-Government of Nuevo Leon (494279)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Keywords
- macrophage polarization, intracellular bacterial pathogens, host-pathogen interaction, innate immunity, bacterial persistence, host defense evasion, therapeutic target
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bacterial Infections, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Macrophage Activation, Macrophages, Cytokines, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Immunomodulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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