Air pollution shortens life expectancy and health expectancy for older adults: the case of China
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Outdoor air pollution is one of the most worrying environmental threats China faces today. Comprehensive and quantitative analyses of the health consequences of air pollution in China are lacking. This study reports age- and sex-specific life expectancy and health expectancies (HEs) corresponding to different levels of air pollution based on associations between air pollution and individual risks for a host of health conditions and mortality net of individual- and community-level confounders. METHODS: This is a multilevel prospective cohort study based a nationally representative sample of Chinese elders. The main outcome measures in this study include life expectancy estimated from mortality and HEs based on five health conditions including activity of daily living, instrumental activity of daily living, cognitive status, self-rated health, and chronic conditions. RESULTS: Net of the controls, exposure to outdoor air pollution corresponded to subsequent reductions of life expectancy and HEs for all five health conditions. These detrimental pollution effects were stronger for women. The gap in life expectancy between areas with good air quality and moderately heavily polluted areas was 3.78 years for women of age 65 and 0.93 years for men. The differences in HEs at age 65 were also large, ranging from 1.47 years for HE for good self-rated health in men to 5.20 years for activity of daily living disability-free HE in women. CONCLUSIONS: Air pollution has devastating health impacts on Chinese elders reducing longevity and shortening HEs. Women are more vulnerable than men. More strict air policy should be implemented to pursue sustainable development in China.
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In the same Chinese cohort, both sexes had a 42-47% odds increase for being deficient in at least one of six measured ADLs.
“both sexes experienced a 42–47% odds increase for being deficient in at least one of six measured activities of daily living (ADLs) (Wen and Gu 2012).”
From Successful aging: Advancing the science of physical independence in older adults (2015) · cites this paper as Wen and Gu 2012
In a Chinese cohort, women had a higher mortality rate than men in poor air quality zones.
“Whereas women were shown to have a higher mortality rate than men in poor air quality zones”
From Successful aging: Advancing the science of physical independence in older adults (2015) · cites this paper as Wen and Gu 2012
In that study, ADL was the most affected health outcome among 20 measured.
“Indeed, ADL was the most affected health outcome measured (among 20) in this study.”
From Successful aging: Advancing the science of physical independence in older adults (2015) · cites this paper as Wen and Gu 2012
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- Authors
- Wen, M., & Gu, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Utah (US)
- United Nations (US)
- Venue
- The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-04-19
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1219-1229
- ISSN
- 1079-5006 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-535X
- OpenAlex
- W2126724332
- Cited by
- 94
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 3.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journals of Gerontology Series A (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Air Quality and Health Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental and Air Quality Management
- Keywords
- outdoor air pollution, life expectancy, health expectancy, older adults, sex differences, activities of daily living, cognitive status, self-rated health, chronic disease, mortality, air quality, air quality policy, China
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Air Pollutants, Bayes Theorem, China, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Health Status, Humans, Life Expectancy, Longevity, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Reference Values, Sex Factors, Geriatric Assessment, Proportional Hazards Models, Survival Analysis, Risk Assessment, Particulate Matter
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