Reconsidering the Role of Mitochondria in Aging
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Mitochondrial dysfunction has long been considered a major contributor to aging and age-related diseases. Harman's Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging postulated that somatic mitochondrial DNA mutations that accumulate over the life span cause excessive production of reactive oxygen species that damage macromolecules and impair cell and tissue function. Indeed, studies have shown that maximal oxidative capacity declines with age while reactive oxygen species production increases. Harman's hypothesis has been seriously challenged by recent studies showing that reactive oxygen species evoke metabolic health and longevity, perhaps through hormetic mechanisms that include autophagy. The purpose of this review is to scan the ever-growing literature on mitochondria from the perspective of aging research and try to identify priority questions that should be addressed in future research. METHODS: A systematic search of peer-reviewed studies was performed using PubMed. Search terms included (i) mitochondria or mitochondrial; (ii) aging, ageing, older adults or elderly; and (iii) reactive oxygen species, mitochondria dynamics, mitochondrial proteostasis, cytosol, mitochondrial-associated membranes, redox homeostasis, electron transport chain, electron transport chain efficiency, epigenetic regulation, DNA heteroplasmy. RESULTS: The importance of mitochondrial biology as a trait d'union between the basic biology of aging and the pathogenesis of age-related diseases is stronger than ever, although the emphasis has moved from reactive oxygen species production to other aspects of mitochondrial physiology, including mitochondrial biogenesis and turnover, energy sensing, apoptosis, senescence, and calcium dynamics. CONCLUSIONS: Mitochondria could play a key role in the pathophysiology of aging or in the earlier stages of some events that lead to the aging phenotype. Therefore, mitochondria will increasingly be targeted to prevent and treat chronic diseases and to promote healthy aging.
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Mitochondrial changes are accompanied by enhanced reactive oxidative species generation, increasing susceptibility to injury by oxidative damage to lipid membranes, proteins, nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, and other macromolecules.
“These mitochondrial changes are accompanied by enhanced reactive oxidative species generation, increasing susceptibility to injury by oxidative damage to lipid membranes, proteins, nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, and other macromolecules.28,29”
Mitochondria play a key role in pathophysiology of ageing and in earlier stages of events leading to ageing phenotype.
“Mitochondria play a key role in the pathophysiology of ageing and in earlier stages of the events leading to the ageing phenotype (Gonzalez-Freire et al., 2015).”
From Mitochondrial Activity and Dynamics Changes Regarding Metabolism in Ageing and Obesity (2017) · cites this paper as Gonzalez-Freire et al., 2015
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The Influence of Dietary Fat Source on Life Span in Calorie Restricted Mice
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Measuring biological aging in humans: a quest
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“Mitochondria play a key role in the pathophysiology of ageing and in earlier stages of the events leading to the ageing phenotype (Gonzalez-Freire et al., 2015).”
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Gonzalez-Freire, M., de Cabo, R., Bernier, M., Sollott, S. J., Fabbri, E., Navas, P., & Ferrucci, L.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of Bologna (IT)
- Venue
- The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2015-05-20
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1334-1342
- ISSN
- 1079-5006 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-535X
- PMC
- PMC4612387
- OpenAlex
- W1899652908
- Cited by
- 244
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 7
- FWCI
- 2.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journals of Gerontology Series A (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
- Deposito Digital UFV (Francisco de Vitoria University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Keywords
- mitochondria, aging, mitochondrial dysfunction, free radical theory of aging, reactive oxygen species, hormesis, autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial turnover, mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial proteostasis, mitochondria-associated membranes, redox homeostasis, electron transport chain, age-related diseases, healthy aging, senescence, apoptosis, energy sensing, calcium dynamics
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Mitochondria, Reactive Oxygen Species, Epigenesis, Genetic
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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