Physical Activity, Brain Volume, and Dementia Risk: The Framingham Study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Several longitudinal studies found an inverse relationship between levels of physical activity and cognitive decline, dementia, and/or Alzheimer's disease (AD), but results have been inconsistent. We followed an older, community-based cohort for over a decade to examine the association of physical activity with the risk of incident dementia and subclinical brain MRI markers of dementia. METHODS: The physical activity index (PAI) was assessed in the Framingham Study Original and Offspring cohorts, aged 60 years or older. We examined the association between PAI and risk of incident all-cause dementia and AD in participants of both cohorts who were cognitively intact and had available PAI (n = 3,714; 54% women; mean age = 70±7 years). We additionally examined the association between PAI and brain MRI in the Offspring cohort (n = 1,987). RESULTS: Over a decade of follow-up, 236 participants developed dementia (188 AD). Participants in the lowest quintile of PAI had an increased risk of incident dementia compared with those in higher quintiles (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04-1.97, p = .028) in a multivariable-adjusted model. Secondary analysis revealed that this relation was limited to participants who were apolipoprotein (APO)E ε4 allele noncarriers (HR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.08-2.32; p = .018) and strongest in participants aged 75 years or older. PAI was also linearly related to total brain and hippocampal volumes (β ± SE = 0.24±0.06; p < .01 and 0.004±0.001; p = .003, respectively). CONCLUSION: Low physical activity is associated with a higher risk for dementia in older individuals, suggesting that a reduced risk of dementia and higher brain volumes may be additional health benefits of maintaining physical activity into old age.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Physical activity appears to decrease risk of dementia.
“In contrast, physical activity appears to decrease risk. [119][120]0][121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128]”
From 2023 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2023) · cites this paper as [122]
Eating a heart-healthy diet and increasing physical activity could delay the onset of AD.
“Collectively, this suggests that eating a heart-healthy diet [172,173,174,175,176] and increasing physical activity [177,178,179,180] could delay the onset of AD.”
From Mitochondrial Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress and Alzheimer Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [178]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.34.7.939 · Cited by 27,915 · see citing works
A Proportional Hazards Model for the Subdistribution of a Competing Risk
Fine, J. P., & Gray, R. J. (1999) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1999.10474144 · Cited by 14,290 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The potential competing risk of death in these relations was also assessed, using methods described by Fine and Gray (16).”
MethodResultExercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory
Erickson, K. I., Voss, M. W., Prakash, R. S., Basak, C., Szabo, A., Chaddock, L., Kim, J. S., Heo, S., Alves, H., White, S. M., et al. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1015950108 · Cited by 4,855 · see citing works
Aerobic Exercise Training Increases Brain Volume in Aging Humans
Colcombe, S. J., Erickson, K. I., Scalf, P. E., Kim, J. S., Prakash, R., McAuley, E., Elavsky, S., Marquez, D. X., Hu, L., & Kramer, A. F. (2006) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/61.11.1166 · Cited by 2,134 · see citing works
Leisure Activities and the Risk of Dementia in the Elderly
Verghese, J., Lipton, R. B., Katz, M. J., Hall, C. B., Derby, C. A., Kuslansky, G., Ambrose, A. F., Sliwinski, M., & Buschke, H. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa022252 · Cited by 1,961 · see citing works
Larson, E. B., Wang, L., Bowen, J. D., McCormick, W. C., Teri, L., Crane, P., & Kukull, W. (2006) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-144-2-200601170-00004 · Cited by 1,463 · see citing works
A Proportional Hazards Model for the Subdistribution of a Competing Risk
Fine, J. P., & Gray, R. J. (1999) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2670170 · Cited by 1,375 · see citing works
Participation in Cognitively Stimulating Activities and Risk of Incident Alzheimer Disease
Wilson, R. S. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.287.6.742 · Cited by 1,312 · see citing works
Physical Activity, Including Walking, and Cognitive Function in Older Women
Weuve, J. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.12.1454 · Cited by 1,175 · see citing works
Leisure-time physical activity at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease
Rovio, S., Kåreholt, I., Helkala, E.-L., Viitanen, M., Winblad, B., Tuomilehto, J., Soininen, H., Nissinen, A., & Kivipelto, M. (2005) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(05)70198-8 · Cited by 1,054 · see citing works
Blondell, S. J., Hammersley-Mather, R., & Veerman, J. L. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-510 · Cited by 928 · see citing works
Some health benefits of physical activity. The Framingham Study
Kannel, W. B. (1979) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.139.8.857 · Cited by 783 · see citing works
Comparison of Self-reported versus Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity
Dyrstad, S. M., Hansen, B. H., Holme, I., & Anderssen, S. A. (2013) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3182a0595f · Cited by 748 · see citing works
DeCarli, C., Massaro, J., Harvey, D., Hald, J., Tullberg, M., Au, R., Beiser, A., D’Agostino, R., & Wolf, P. A. (2005) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.05.004 · Cited by 680 · see citing works
Self-citationPodewils, L. J. (2005) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwi092 · Cited by 675 · see citing works
Exercise Enhances and Protects Brain Function
Cotman, C. W., & Engesser‐Cesar, C. (2002) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1097/00003677-200204000-00006 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
After Reaching Retirement Age Physical Activity Sustains Cerebral Perfusion and Cognition
Rogers, R. L., Meyer, J. S., & Mortel, K. F. (1990) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1990.tb03472.x · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E ɛ4 magnifies lifestyle risks for dementia: a population‐based study
Kivipelto, M., Rovio, S., Ngandu, T., Kåreholt, I., Eskelinen, M. H., Winblad, B. G., Hachinski, V., Cedazo-Mı́nguez, Á., Soininen, H. S., Tuomilehto, J., et al. (2008) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00296.x · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Physical activity and Alzheimer's disease: from prevention to therapeutic perspectives
Rolland, Y., Abellan van Kan, G., & Vellas, B. (2008) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2008.02.007 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Yamada, M., Kasagi, F., Sasaki, H., Masunari, N., Mimori, Y., & Suzuki, G. (2003) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51117.x · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Chang, M., Jónsson, P. V., Snædal, J., Björnsson, S., Saczynski, J. S., Aspelund, T., Eiríksdóttir, G., Jónsdóttir, M. K., López, O. L., Harris, T. B., et al. (2010) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glq152 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
The effect of midlife physical activity on structural brain changes in the elderly
Rovio, S., Spulber, G., Nieminen, L. J., Niskanen, E. I., Winblad, B. G., Tuomilehto, J., Nissinen, A. M., Soininen, H. S., & Kivipelto, M. (2008) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.10.007 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Kannel, W. B., Belanger, A. J., D’Agostino, R. B., & Israel, I. (1986) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/0002-8703(86)90480-1 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
The Framingham Study An Epidemiological Approach to Coronary Heart Disease
Dawber, T. R., & Kannel, W. B. (1966) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.34.4.553 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Bullitt, E., Rahman, F. N., Smith, J. K., Kim, E., Zeng, D., Katz, L. M., & Marks, B. L. (2009) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a1695 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
The association between physical activity and dementia in an elderly population: the Rotterdam Study
de Bruijn, R. F. A. G., Schrijvers, E. M. C., de Groot, K. A., Witteman, J. C. M., Albert Hofman, D., Franco, O. H., Koudstaal, P. J., & Ikram, M. A. (2013) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-013-9773-3 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Resting cerebral blood flow, attention, and aging
Bertsch, K., Hagemann, D., Hermes, M., Walter, C., Khan, R., & Naumann, E. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.02.053 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Lee, P. H., Yu, Y., McDowell, I., Leung, G. M., Lam, T., & Stewart, S. M. (2011) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-8-81 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Non-Exercise Physical Activity and Survival
Hamer, M., de Oliveira, C. M., & Demakakos, P. (2014) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.044 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Hagberg, J. M., Ferrell, R. E., Dengel, D. R., & Wilund, K. R. (1999) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.34.1.18 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Luck, T., Riedel-Heller, S. G., Luppa, M., Wiese, B., Köhler, M., Jessen, F., Bickel, H., Weyerer, S., Pentzek, M., König, H.-H., et al. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713001918 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
An Active Lifestyle Postpones Dementia Onset by More than One Year in Very Old Adults
Paillard‐Borg, S., Fratiglioni, L., Xu, W., Winblad, B. G., & Wang, H. (2012) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2012-120724 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Lu, J., Li, G., He, K., Jiang, W., Xu, C., Li, Z., Wang, H., Wang, W., Wang, H., Teng, X., et al. (2015) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0398-z · Cited by 75 · see citing works
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST PERFORMANCE IN FRAMINGHAM: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY
Farmer, M. E., White, L. R., Kittner, S. J., Kaplan, E., Moes, E., McNamara, P. S., WOLZ, M. M., Wolf, P. A., & Feinleib, M. (1987) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1987.60.3c.1023 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Role of sirtuins, calorie restriction and physical activity in aging
Corbi, G. (2011) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Elite · doi:10.2741/417 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Role of sirtuins calorie restriction and physical activity in aging
Corbi, G. (2012) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Elite · doi:10.2741/e417 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
St‐Amand, J., Prud’homme, D., Moorjani, S., NADEAU, A., Tremblay, A., Bouchard, C., Lupien, P. J., & Després, J. (1999) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199905000-00011 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Exercise as an intervention for the age-related decline in neural metabolic support
Anderson (2010) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2010.00030 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The role of physical activity on the prevention of cognitive impairment
Corbi, G., Conti, V., Filippelli, A., Costanzo, A. D., & Ferrara, N. (2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.14273/unisa-2002 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
2023 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
(2023) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13016 · Cited by 3,212 · see citing works
2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
(2024) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13809 · Cited by 2,536 · see citing works
2019 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures.
Alzheimer's Association (2019) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2019.01.010 · Cited by 2,461 · see citing works
2020 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
(2020) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12068 · Cited by 2,353 · see citing works
2022 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
Anonymous (2022) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12638 · Cited by 2,384 · see citing works
2021 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
Anonymous (2021) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12328 · Cited by 2,236 · see citing works
2018 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
Alzheimer's Association (2018) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2018.02.001 · Cited by 1,912 · see citing works
2017 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
(, T. D. B. T. A.-R. C. C. A. S. O. A. C. B. S., different, ). J. A. I. A., destroyed, S. A. T. A. S. T. M. E. T. M. C. I. S. I. A. G. W. A. T. R. N. I. T. O. B. T. F. N. T. B. D. A. D. A. U. I. B. R. I. I. F. N. M. A. N. I. O. P. O. T. B. A. D. A., difficulties, I. E. O., agitation, I. N. S. S. A., & delusions., S. A. (2017) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2017.02.001 · Cited by 1,322 · see citing works
2025 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
(2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.70235 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Sabia, S., Dugravot, A., Dartigues, J., Abell, J. G., Elbaz, A., Mika Kivimaki, B., & Singh‐Manoux, A. (2017) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.j2709 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Iso-Markku, P., Kujala, U. M., Knittle, K., Polet, J., Vuoksimaa, E., & Waller, K. (2022) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2021-104981 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Fernández-Calle, R., Konings, S. C., Frontiñán-Rubio, J., García-Revilla, J., Camprubí-Ferrer, L., Svensson, M., Martinson, I., Boza-Serrano, A., Venero, J. L., Nielsen, H. M., et al. (2022) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-022-00566-4 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Law, C.-K., Lam, F. M., Chung, R. C., & Pang, M. Y. (2020) · Journal of Physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2019.11.014 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Post-Stroke Cognitive Impairment: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Management
Huang, Y.-Y., Chen, S.-D., Leng, X.-Y., Kuo, K., Wang, Z.-T., Cui, M., Tan, L., Wang, K., Dong, Q., & Yu, J.-T. (2022) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-215644 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Dose-Response Matters! - A Perspective on the Exercise Prescription in Exercise-Cognition Research
Herold, F., Müller, P., Gronwald, T., & Müller, N. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02338 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Physical activity in the prevention of human diseases: role of epigenetic modifications
Grazioli, E., Dimauro, I., Mercatelli, N., Wang, G., Pitsiladis, Y. P., Luigi, L. D., & Caporossi, D. (2017) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-017-4193-5 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Rahman, A., Jackson, H. C., Hristov, H., Isaacson, R., Saif, N., Shetty, T., Etingin, O. R., Henchcliffe, C., Brinton, R. D., & Mosconi, L. (2019) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00315 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Rabin, J. S., Klein, H., Kirn, D. R., Schultz, A. P., Yang, H., Hampton, O. L., Jiang, S., Buckley, R. F., Viswanathan, A., Hedden, T., et al. (2019) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.1879 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Is Alzheimer’s Disease Risk Modifiable?
Serrano‐Pozo, A., & Growdon, J. H. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad181028 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Association of Accelerometer-Measured Light-Intensity Physical Activity With Brain Volume
Spartano, N. L., Davis‐Plourde, K. L., Himali, J. J., Andersson, C., Pase, M. P., Maillard, P., DeCarli, C. S., Murabito, J. M., Beiser, A., Vasan, R. S., et al. (2019) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.2745 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationHuang, S., Li, Y., Zhang, Y.-R., Huang, Y., Wu, B., Zhang, W., Deng, Y., Chen, S.-D., He, X., Chen, S., et al. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01655-y · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Leisure Activities and the Risk of Dementia
Su, S., Shi, L., Zheng, Y., Sun, Y., Huang, X., Zhang, A., Que, J., Sun, X., Shi, J., Bao, Y., et al. (2022) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000200929 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Redox proteomics and amyloid β-peptide: Insights into Alzheimer disease
Butterfield, D. A., & Boyd‐Kimball, D. (2019) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.14589 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Siddarth, P., Burggren, A. C., Eyre, H. A., Small, G. W., & Merrill, D. A. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0195549 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Baranowski, B. J., Marko, D. M., Fenech, R. K., Yang, A. J. T., & MacPherson, R. E. K. (2020) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2019-0910 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Sehgal, R., Markov, Y., Qin, C., Meer, M. V., Hadley, C., Shadyab, A. H., Casanova, R., Manson, J. E., Bhatti, P., Moore, A. Z., et al. (2025) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-025-00958-3 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Pedemonte, J. C., Plummer, G. S., Chamadia, S., Locascio, J. J., Hahm, E. Y., Ethridge, B. R., Gitlin, J., Ibala, R., Mekonnen, J., Colon, K. M., et al. (2020) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000003328 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Bubbico, G., Chiacchiaretta, P., Parenti, M., di Marco, M., Panara, V., Sepede, G., Ferretti, A., & Perrucci, M. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00423 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Association Between Slow-Wave Sleep Loss and Incident Dementia
Himali, J. J., Baril, A., Cavuoto, M. G., Yiallourou, S. R., Wiedner, C. D., Himali, D., DeCarli, C. S., Redline, S. S., Beiser, A., Seshadri, S. S., et al. (2023) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.3889 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationKalaria, R. N., Maestre, G. E., Mahinrad, S., Acosta, D. M., Akinyemi, R., Alladi, S., Allegri, R., Arshad, F., Babalola, D. O., Baiyewu, O., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13836 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationA Life-Long Approach to Physical Activity for Brain Health
Macpherson, H., Teo, W.-P., Schneider, L. A., & Smith, A. E. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00147 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Besser, L. M. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043456 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
de Souto Barreto, P., Demougeot, L., Vellas, B., & Rolland, Y. (2018) · The Journals of Gerontology: Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glx234 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Mitochondrial Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress and Alzheimer Disease
Butterfield, D. A., & Boyd-Kimball, D. (2020) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox9090818 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Can exercise training teach us how to treat Alzheimer's disease?
Huuha, A. M., Norevik, C. S., Moreira, J. B. N., Kobro-Flatmoen, A., Scrimgeour, N., Kivipelto, M., Van Praag, H., Ziaei, M., Sando, S. B., Wisløff, U., et al. (2022) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2022.101559 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Petermann-Rocha, F., Lyall, D. M., Gray, S. R., Gill, J. M. R., Sattar, N., Welsh, P., Quinn, T. J., Stewart, W., Pell, J. P., Ho, F. K., et al. (2021) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-021-02172-5 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Stigger, F. S., Zago Marcolino, M. A., Portela, K. M., & Plentz, R. D. M. (2019) · The Journals of Gerontology: Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/gly173 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Palta, P., Sharrett, A. R., Deal, J. A., Evenson, K. R., Gabriel, K. P., Folsom, A. R., Gross, A. L., Windham, B. G., Knopman, D. S., Mosley, T. H., et al. (2018) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2018.08.008 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Aerobic exercise, cardiorespiratory fitness, and the human hippocampus
Aghjayan, S. L., Lesnovskaya, A., Esteban‐Cornejo, I., Peven, J. C., Stillman, C. M., & Erickson, K. I. (2021) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.23337 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease: Biological Mechanisms of Exercise
McGurran, H., Glenn, J. M., Madero, E. N., & Bott, N. T. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-180958 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Garavito, A. R., Martínez, V. D., Cortés, E. J., Negrete‐Díaz, J. V., & Rodríguez, L. M. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1505879 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Gu, Y., Beato, J. M., Amarante, E., Chesebro, A. G., Manly, J. J., Schupf, N., Mayeux, R. P., & Brickman, A. M. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.26506 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Hansson, O., Svensson, M., Gustavsson, A., Andersson, E., Yang, Y., Nägga, K., Hållmarker, U., James, S. K., & Deierborg, T. (2019) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-019-0538-4 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Spartano, N. L., Demissie, S., Himali, J. J., Dukes, K. A., Murabito, J. M., Vasan, R. S., Beiser, A., & Seshadri, S. S. (2019) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.trci.2019.08.007 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationQuercetin Nanoemulsion Ameliorates Neuronal Dysfunction in Experimental Alzheimer’s Disease Model
ALaqeel, N. K., AlSheikh, M. H., & Al-Hariri, M. T. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11101986 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Herold, F., Aye, N., Lehmann, N., Taubert, M., & Müller, N. G. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10030175 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Venkatraman, V. K., Sanderson, A., Cox, K. L., Ellis, K. A., Steward, C. E., Phal, P. M., Gorelik, A., Sharman, M. J., Villemagne, V. L., Lai, M. M. Y., et al. (2019) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.02.030 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Leisure-time physical activity and the risk of incident dementia: the mayo clinic study of aging
Krell-Roesch, J., Feder, N. T., Roberts, R. O., Mielke, M. M., Christianson, T. J., Knopman, D. S., Petersen, R. C., & Geda, Y. E. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-171141 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Santini, Z. I., Koyanagi, A., Tyrovolas, S., Haro, J. M., Donovan, R. J., Nielsen, L., & Koushede, V. (2017) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2017.02.074 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Association Between Physical Activity and Risk of Disabling Dementia in Japan
Ihira, H., Sawada, N., Inoue, M., Yasuda, N., Yamagishi, K., Charvat, H., Iwasaki, M., & Tsugane, S. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.4590 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Desai, P., Evans, D. A., Dhana, K., Aggarwal, N. T., Wilson, R. S., McAninch, E. A., & Rajan, K. B. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.20398 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Wang, K., & Liu, H. (2021) · Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine · doi:10.1136/rapm-2021-102733 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Ketones: potential to achieve brain energy rescue and sustain cognitive health during ageing
Myette‐Côté, É., Soto-Mota, A., & Cunnane, S. C. (2021) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114521003883 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Motor deficits in 16-month-old male and female 3xTg-AD mice
Montbrun, T. G.-D., Fertan, E., Stover, K. R., & Brown, R. E. (2018) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2018.09.006 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Li, Q., Cong, W., Mu, S., Zhan, R., Zhong, S., Zhao, M., Zhao, C., Kang, K., & Zhou, Z. (2023) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2023.102127 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Frederiksen, K. S., Gjerum, L., Waldemar, G., & Hasselbalch, S. G. (2019) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/1567205016666190315095151 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Wang, S., Liu, H., Cheng, Y.-C., & Su, C.-H. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182413331 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Medhat, D., El‐mezayen, H. A., El‐Naggar, M. E., Farrag, A. R. H., Abdelgawad, M. E., Hussein, J., & Kamal, M. H. (2019) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-019-04907-3 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Tokgöz, S., & Claassen, J. A. H. R. (2021) · Cardiology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40119-020-00209-z · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Autonomic Imbalance and Risk of Dementia and Stroke: The Framingham Study
Weinstein, G., Davis‐Plourde, K. L., Beiser, A., & Seshadri, S. S. (2021) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.120.030601 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly Life Stress Affects Bdnf Regulation: A Role for Exercise Interventions
Campbell, T. S., Donoghue, K. M., Ghosh, U., Nelson, C. M., & Roth, T. L. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms231911729 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The Beneficial Role of Exercise on Treating Alzheimer’s Disease by Inhibiting β-Amyloid Peptide
Tan, Z., Dong, F., Wu, L., Feng, Y.-S., & Zhang, F. (2021) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-021-02514-7 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationEnette, L., Vogel, T., Fanon, J. L., & Lang, P. O. (2017) · Rejuvenation Research · doi:10.1089/rej.2016.1886 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Palta, P., Sharrett, A. R., Gabriel, K. P., Gottesman, R. F., Folsom, A. R., Power, M. C., Evenson, K. R., Jack, C. R., Knopman, D. S., Mosley, T. H., et al. (2021) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000011375 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Wu, W., Ding, D., Zhao, Q., Xiao, Z., Luo, J., Ganguli, M., Hughes, T. F., Jacobsen, E. P., Haan, M. N., van Dang, K., et al. (2022) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12628 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Besser, L. M., Chang, L., Hirsch, J. A., Rodrı́guez, D. A., Renne, J. L., Rapp, S. R., Fitzpatrick, A. L., Heckbert, S. R., Kaufman, J. D., & Hughes, T. M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18157973 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Best, J. R., Chiu, B. K., Hall, P. A., & Liu-Ambrose, T. Y. L. (2017) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glx043 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Physical activity across adulthood and subjective cognitive function in older men
Fondell, E., Townsend, M. K., Unger, L. D., Okereke, O. I., Grodstein, F., Ascherio, A., & Willett, W. C. (2017) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-017-0331-2 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Chen, V. L., Wright, A. P., Halligan, B., Chen, Y., Du, X., Handelman, S. K., Long, M. T., Kiel, D. P., & Speliotes, E. K. (2019) · Hepatology Communications · doi:10.1002/hep4.1391 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Physical Activity and Trajectory of Cognitive Change in Older Persons: Mayo Clinic Study of Aging
Krell‐Roesch, J., Syrjanen, J. A., Bezold, J., Trautwein, S., Barisch‐Fritz, B., Boes, K., Wöll, A., Forzani, E., Kremers, W. K., Machulda, M. M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-200959 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Stott, J. C. H., Saunders, R., Desai, R., Bell, G., Fearn, C., Buckman, J. E. J., Brown, B., Nurock, S., Michael, S., Ware, P., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Healthy Longevity · doi:10.1016/s2666-7568(22)00242-2 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Hwang, P. H., Ang, T. F. A., De Anda‐Duran, I., Liu, X., Liu, Y., Gurnani, A., Mez, J., Auerbach, S., Joshi, P., Yuan, J., et al. (2023) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12940 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationPhysical activity and depression in older adults with and without cognitive impairment
Yuenyongchaiwat, K., Pongpanit, K., & Hanmanop, S. (2018) · Dementia & Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1590/1980-57642018dn12-010002 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Physical activity in later life and risk of dementia: Findings from a population-based cohort study
Feter, N., Mielke, G. I., Leite, J. S., Brown, W. J., Coombes, J. S., & Rombaldi, A. J. (2020) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2020.111145 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Sugita, A., Ling, L., Tsuji, T., Kondo, K., & Kawachi, I. I. (2020) · Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.2188/jea.je20190337 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Therapeutic Role of Exercise and Probiotics in Stressful Brain Conditions
Martínez‐Guardado, I., Arboleya, S., Pérez, F. J. G., Kaliszewska, A., Gueimonde, M., & Arias, N. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23073610 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Zong, B., Yu, F., Zhang, X., Zhao, W., Sun, P., Li, S., & Li, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.869507 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Schwartz, H. E. M., Bay, C. P., McFeeley, B. M., Krivanek, T. J., Daffner, K. R., & Gale, S. A. (2019) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.trci.2019.09.008 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Estimating the effect of physical activity on cognitive function within the UK Biobank cohort
Campbell, T., & Cullen, B. (2023) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyad009 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The relationship between physical activity, apolipoprotein E ε4 carriage, and brain health
de Frutos‐Lucas, J., Cuesta, P., López‐Sanz, D., Peral‐Suárez, Á., Cuadrado‐Soto, E., Ramírez‐Toraño, F., Brown, B. M., Serrano, J. M., Laws, S. M., Rodríguez‐Rojo, I. C., et al. (2020) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-020-00608-3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Physical Activity Over the Adult Life Course and Risk of Dementia in the Framingham Heart Study
Marino, F., Lyu, C., Li, Y., Liu, T., Au, R., & Hwang, P. H. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.44439 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
White Matter Integrity Underlies the Physical-Cognitive Correlations in Subjective Cognitive Decline
Wei, Y., Hsu, C. H., Huang, W., Chen, Y.-L., Lin, C., Chen, C., Lin, C., Shyu, Y., & Lin, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.700764 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Bone Mineral Density Measurements and Association With Brain Structure and Cognitive Function
Stefanidou, M., O’Donnell, A., Himali, J. J., DeCarli, C. S., Satizábal, C. L., Beiser, A., Seshadri, S. S., & Tan, Z. S. (2021) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0000000000000453 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationMemel, M., Buchman, A. S., Bennett, D. A., & Casaletto, K. B. (2021) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1002/dad2.12245 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
What do we know from clinical trials on exercise and Alzheimer's disease?
Shen, Y., & Li, R. (2016) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2016.10.002 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Associations between psychological therapy outcomes for depression and incidence of dementia
John, A., Saunders, R., Desai, R., Bell, G., Fearn, C., Buckman, J. E. J., Brown, B., Nurock, S., Michael, S., Ware, P., et al. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722002537 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Neves, L. M., Ritti‐Dias, R. M., Juday, V., Marquesini, R., Gerage, A. M., Laurentino, G. C., Nunes, R. H., Stubbs, B., & Ugrinowitsch, C. (2022) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glac150 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Tsukakoshi, D., Yamamoto, S., Takeda, S., Furuhashi, K., & Sato, M. (2022) · Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management · doi:10.2147/tcrm.s350748 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Herghelegiu, A. M., Moser, A., Prada, G. I., Born, S., Wilhelm, M., & Stuck, A. E. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181371 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Association of cardiovascular health with the risk of dementia in older adults
Cho, S., Yang, P., Kim, D., You, S. C., Sung, J., Jang, E., Yu, H. T., Kim, T., Pak, H., Lee, M., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-20072-3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Increased Physical Fitness Is Associated with Higher Executive Functioning in People with Dementia
Hollamby, A., Davelaar, E. J., & Cadar, D. (2017) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2017.00346 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Shuang, Z., Zhao, B. T., Ma, Y., Sun, Y., Zhao, Y., Liu, W., Ou, Y., Dong, Q., Tan, L., & Yu, J. (2022) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-220389 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Early Mobilization After Stroke Is Not Associated With Cognitive Outcome
Cumming, T. B., Bernhardt, J. A., Lowe, D., Collier, J. M., Dewey, H. M., Langhorne, P., Thrift, A. G., Green, A., Mohanraj, R., Kramer, S. F., et al. (2018) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.118.022217 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Spartano, N. L., Davis‐Plourde, K. L., Himali, J. J., Murabito, J. M., Vasan, R. S., Beiser, A., & Seshadri, S. S. (2019) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2019/2718465 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationMellow, M. L., Dumuid, D., Olds, T., Stanford, T., Dorrian, J., Wade, A. T., Fripp, J., Xia, Y., Goldsworthy, M. R., Karayanidis, F., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-023-01557-4 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Vergoossen, L. W. M., Jansen, J. F. A., Backes, W. H., & Schram, M. T. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.001 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Domaszewska, K., Koper, M., Wochna, K., Czerniak, U., Marciniak, K., Wilski, M., & Bukowska, D. (2020) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.586286 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Adherence of Mobile App-Based Surveys and Comparison With Traditional Surveys: eCohort Study
Pathiravasan, C. H., Zhang, Y., Trinquart, L., Benjamin, E. J., Borrelli, B., McManus, D. D., Kheterpal, V., Lin, H., Sardana, M., Hammond, M. M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/24773 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationHopper, S., Hammond, N. G., Taler, V., & Stinchcombe, A. (2022) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000524280 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Wing, D., Eyler, L. T., Lenze, E. J., Wetherell, J. L., Nichols, J. F., MEEUSEN, R. R., Godino, J., Shimony, J. S., Snyder, A. Z., Nishino, T., et al. (2022) · Neuroimage Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ynirp.2022.100146 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Tan, Z. S., Spartano, N. L., Beiser, A. S., DeCarli, C., Auerbach, S. H., Vasan, R. S., & Seshadri, S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Framingham Heart Study (US)
- Boston University (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2016-07-15
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- glw130
- ISSN
- 1079-5006 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-535X
- PMC
- PMC6075525
- OpenAlex
- W2468595961
- Cited by
- 212
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 16.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journals of Gerontology Series A (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH/NHLBI, HHSN268201500001I, N01-HC-25195, N01HV28178, R01HL093029, R01 HL131029, U01 HL096917, 2K24HL04334)
- National Institute on Aging (R01 AG016495, AG008122, AG031287, AG047645)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS, R01 NS017950)
- American Heart Association (AHA Award 11CRP4930020, 16MCPRP30310001)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Keywords
- physical activity, dementia risk, Alzheimer's disease, brain volume, hippocampal volume, APOE ε4, older adults, cognitive decline, physical activity index, brain MRI markers, Framingham Heart Study
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Aged, Alleles, Alzheimer Disease, Brain, Dementia, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Risk, United States, Cohort Studies, Exercise, Apolipoprotein E4
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
