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Age-Stereotype Paradox: Opportunity for Social Change
Abstract
An age-stereotype paradox has developed in the United States due to factors that would suggest age stereotypes should be increasing in positivity over time; whereas, recent evidence shows they are becoming more negative. Reasons for predicting an increase in positivity are presented, followed by reasons that help to explain why the reverse is occurring. To illustrate the age-stereotype paradox, four domains that help to shape the status of older individuals were selected: health, intergenerational contact, legislation, and social climate. Two proposals are then made for eliminating the paradox by reversing the age-stereotypes negativity trend: establishment of an anti-aging czar and the launching of an aging-rights movement.
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“This may dilute the dominant narrative of older adults as being out-of-sync with new technologies or unable to contribute and, therefore, strengthen the integration of older adults into design processes as valuable resources”
From Personal Narratives in Technology Design: The Value of Sharing Older Adults’ Stories in the Design of Social Robots (2021) · cites this paper as Levy, 2017
In the citing paper
“Our analysis suggests that combining storytelling and co-design when working with older adults can champion a shift to a more positive narrative of aging that demonstrates wisdom and other values of lived experiences”
From Personal Narratives in Technology Design: The Value of Sharing Older Adults’ Stories in the Design of Social Robots (2021) · cites this paper as Levy, 2017
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“Refuting these misconceptions is important because they do a great deal of harm to individuals and to the larger society (Levy, 2009, 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-perceptions and awareness of aging: past, present, and future
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“…(Schau et al., 2009), even if these efforts are often seen mostly at the individual level and are limited in terms of collective actions and civil rights movements led by this cohort of consumers (B. R. Levy, 2017), with Brazil being no exception (De Araujo et al., 2015; Rosenthal & Brito, 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialAgeism in Working Life: A Scoping Review on Discursive Approaches
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“Currently, ageism still goes unchallenged, compared to other forms of discrimination, and is socially accepted, both at explicit and implicit levels (Levy, 2017).”
BackgroundImplicit and Explicit Measurement of Work-Related Age Attitudes and Age Stereotypes
Kleissner, V., & Jahn, G. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.579155 · Cited by 50
“In the workplace, the rise in negativity of ageist attitudes (Levy, 2017, see North and Fiske, 2012, for a review on ageism) is particularly challenging.”
BackgroundGrand Challenges of Smart Technology for Older Adults
Zhou, J., Salvendy, G., Boot, W. R., Charness, N. H., Czaja, S. J., Gao, Q., Holzinger, A., Ntoa, S., Rau, P. P., Rogers, W. A., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2457003 · Cited by 54
“…early developmental stages to implementation to phases of replacement by other (hopefully better) smart technology. framed as “old” or “helpless” (Levy, 2017) and reveal in relevant everyday domains other priorities than the young due to accumulated life knowledge and a shortened future time…”
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“Experts suggest that in order to eradicate ageism, we must employ strategies of collective identification, mobilization, and confrontation (Levy, 2017).”
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“This may dilute the dominant narrative of older adults as being out-of-sync with new technologies or unable to contribute and, therefore, strengthen the integration of older adults into design processes as valuable resources (Dychtwald, 2012; Levy, 2017).”
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“Older workers could be at greater risk of incivility due to pervasive and increasingly negative older age stereotypes (Levy, 2017).”
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Edadismo contra las personas mayores en servicios de salud: revisión de alcance*
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“In view of this, it becomes necessary that coping strategies are permanent and continuous, and that they are implemented top-down (from society to the individual) and bottom-up (from the individual to society, considering the role of aged people), with the joint objectives of reinforcing conditions that promote positi…”
BackgroundSabatini, S., Ukoumunne, O. C., Brothers, A. F., Diehl, M. K., Wahl, H., Ballard, C. G., Collins, R., Corbett, A., Brooker, H. J., & Clare, L. (2022) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-021-00673-z · Cited by 21
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“Given that positive age attitudes are of signi fi cant consequence for the well-being of aging adults, the disruption of ageism is more important now than ever with age stereotypes having become increasingly negative in recent times (Levy, 2003, 2009, 2017).”
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“As many individuals hold negative views of aging (Levy, 2017) and awareness of age-related change is amenable to change (Brothers & Diehl, 2017), identifying predictors of self-perception of aging, such as perceived sleep difficulties, may suggest ways of promoting more positive experiences of…”
BackgroundBrief Anti-Ageism Messaging Effects on Physical Activity Motivation Among Older Adults
Menkin, J. A., Smith, J. L., & Bihary, J. G. (2020) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/0733464820960925 · Cited by 19
“In fact, enough evidence links views of aging to health and quality of life that intervention is recommended (e.g., Levy, 2017; Nelson, 2016).”
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Reissmann, M., Geithner, L., Storms, A., & Woopen, C. (2021) · Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie · doi:10.1007/s00391-021-01971-y · Cited by 27
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BackgroundHemşirelik Öğrencilerinin Yaşlı Ayrımcılığına Yönelik Tutumları
Tayaz, E., & Koç, A. (2022) · Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.53490/egehemsire.950970 · Cited by 17
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“…sum, our results highlight one more time how much our society -and men, in particular - need to learn to think differently about ageing women and how strategies aiming to eradicate negative age-related stereotypes (Levy, 2017) should give particular attention to negative stereotypes of older women.”
ResultExploring awareness of age-related changes among over 50s in the UK: findings from the PROTECT study
Sabatini, S., Ukoumunne, O. C., Ballard, C. G., Collins, R., Corbett, A., Brooker, H. J., & Clare, L. (2021) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s104161022100123x · Cited by 14
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“Paradoxically, concern over the social exclusion and cultural marginalisation of older people in contemporary society seems to have grown (Levy, 2017).”
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Kleissner, V., & Jahn, G. (2020) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12720 · Cited by 12
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Idealization of youthfulness predicts worse recovery among older individuals.
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“…that include WHO’s (2016) call for action, legislation to promote greater inclusivity of older adults in the workplace, and environmental adaptations to accommodate physical and biological challenges for the aging population (Levy, 2017), the question remains, have ageist attitudes been moderated?”
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“Stereotypes are internalized throughout an individual’s life, especially those related to age (Levy, 2017).”
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“Levy (2017) conceptualises an age stereotype paradox and the need for a range of social actions that promote positive age stereotypes in line with the increasing capacities of ascendant cohorts of older people.”
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Ko, H.-J., MaloneBeach, E. E., & Miller, A. H. (2019) · Gerontology & Geriatrics Education · doi:10.1080/02701960.2019.1631164 · Cited by 2
“…on aging; domainspecific; non-students Since Butler (1969) coined the word, Ageism, the systematic discrimination against older people based on age, numerous researchers have investigated the prevalence, antecedents, and outcomes of ageism (Hummert, 2011; Kornadt & Rothermund, 2012; Levy, 2017).”
BackgroundSun, Q., Cheung, J., Wan, N.-T. A., Pauline, W. S.-Y., & Lou, V. (2021) · Research on social work practice · doi:10.1177/10497315211063626 · Cited by 2
“For the program design, this study tried to enrich the existing studies by adopting the well-articulated theoretical framework of Positive Education about Aging and Contact Experiences (PEACE) (Levy, 2017).”
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Longitudinal Effects of Sex, Aging, and Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis on Function
Harrison, T. C., Blozis, S. A., Stuifbergen, A. M., & Becker, H. (2023) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/nnr.0000000000000656 · Cited by 2
“The finding that age predicted a greater degree of between-person variation could be due to increased susceptibility to non-disease-related perceptions of age (Levy, 2017) that ultimately change function quickly and reversibly (e.g., falls) as well as comorbidity (Chou et al., 2020).”
BackgroundThe impact of wearing a white coat on the perception of older people
Crutzen, C., Adam, S., & Willems, S. J. (2023) · Journal of Nursing Education and Practice · doi:10.5430/jnep.v13n12p36 · Cited by 2
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When and how is age mentioned? The role of age references in narratives of adults aged 65 and over
Gocieková, V., Ševčíková, A., Gore-Gorszewska, G., Rašticová, M., & South, A. L. (2025) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnaf276 · Cited by 1
Mertens, E. J., Broekharst, D. S. E., Hanzen, N., de Rooij, K., van Agthoven, M., & Bloem, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Aging · doi:10.3389/fragi.2026.1850676 · Cited by 1
“The use of age-based decision-making has led to the systematic exclusion of older adults from treatments such as surgery, a practice widely criticized as a form of ageism (Butler, 1969; Chang et al., 2020; Levy, 2017; Romero-Ortuno and O’Shea, 2013).”
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Fernández‐Mayoralas, G., Rodríguez, V. R., González, D. S., & Rojo‐Pérez, F. (2022) · Future city · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93875-8_5 · Cited by 1
Throwback, trials, and triumphs: stories of unmarried retired Filipina Public School teachers
Bolo, M. N., & Singson, D. N. E. (2023) · Technium Social Sciences Journal · doi:10.47577/tssj.v44i1.8959 · Cited by 1
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Intergenerational Relationship Perception And Intergenerational Contact Frequency
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“, 2018) аnd depend on intergenerational contacts, legislation and social climate (Levy, 2017).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialOlder Persons' Rights MovementPreprint
Gutterman, A. S. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3901437
Kanakaris, V., & Korres, M. P. (2022) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-5295-0.ch027
Scheidt, R. J. (2018) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gny012
O processo de envelhecimento nos filmes
Giuliani, F. N. G., Sampaio, L. V. P., Carvalho, G. D. A., Silva, K. H. C. V. E., & de Oliveira, M. L. C. (2022) · Revista Kairós Gerontologia · doi:10.23925/2176-901x.2021v24i1p585-598
Social Construction of Vulnerable Populations: The Case of Age in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Schachter, H. L. (2022) · Public Administration Quarterly · doi:10.37808/paq.46.2.5
“Computerized searches of hundreds of millions of digitized books, articles, magazines, journal articles and newspapers published in America between 1810 and 2009 have found increasing negative portrayals of old people in the last 80 years (Levy 2017).”
BackgroundCampus Goiabeiras: Resumos expandidos
Autores, V. (2021) · Revista Guará · doi:10.30712/guara.v1i12-a.40757
Leitvorstellungen vom hohen Alter im Realitätscheck: Verlust versus Gewinn oder beides?
Wahl, H. (2023) · Schriften zu Gesundheit und Gesellschaft - Studies on Health and Society · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65918-2_1
Ageísmo direcionado às pessoas idosas em serviços de saúde: uma revisão de escopo
de Araújo, P. O., Soares, I. M. S. C., do Vale, P. R. L. F., de Sousa, A. R., Aparício, E. C., & Carvalho, E. S. D. S. (2023) · Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/1518-8345.6727.4021
O idadismo estrutural refletindo no período pandêmico e na saúde da pessoa idosa
Marconi, I. M. M., & Dedicação, A. C. (2023) · Oikos Família e Sociedade em Debate · doi:10.31423/oikos.v34i2.15290
Erber, J. T. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394259021.refs
Coladonato, R., Carnaghi, A., Bianchi, M., Ciosk, M. A., Piccoli, V., & Fantoni, C. (2024) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2024.2334777
“Also, and at the cultural level, age stereotypes are negatively tinted over time (Levy, 2017).”
A antecipação da velhice na meia-idade: uma perspetiva de género
Janssens-Theunis, A., & José, J. D. S. (2024) · Sociologia Problemas e Práticas · doi:10.7458/spp202410532059
Public mental health, policy, and aging
Ojelabi, O. A., Campetti, R., Haggerty, K. L., Chang, E., Tuboku‐Metzger, L., Ahmad, N., & Epstein-Lubow, G. P. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780198874799.003.0031
Age as a privilege for transgender people: a life trajectory approach
Guerra, S. R. C., Tavares, J., de Staritzky, T. C., & de Sousa, L. X. M. (2025) · Working with Older People · doi:10.1108/wwop-07-2024-0044
Guest, M. A., Koffer, R. E., & Giasson, H. L. (2025) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.1177/00914150251382809
“…to Age Stereotype Embodiment Theory (SET), positive and negative age stereotypes are internalized across the lifespan and take a toll on individuals ’ health in later life as they become incorporated into the self-concept through self-perceptions of aging (Levy, 2009, 2017; Levy et al., 2018).”
Gans, H. M., Horhota, M., & Chasteen, A. L. (2026) · Journal of Intergenerational Relationships · doi:10.1080/15350770.2026.2667480
Sabatini, S., Pagnini, F., Pederiva, A. M., Henderson, E., Cheval, B., Borella, E., de la Fuente-Núñez, V., Gerstorf, D., Mezza, F., Neupert, S. D., et al. (2026) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-026-07603-7
“Consequently, finding strategies to reduce ageism and to promote accurate knowledge about aging and positive self-perceptions of aging is a global priority [44].”
Larsson, E., Elmståhl, S., & Ekström, H. (2026) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph23050641
“This was of interest given studies indicating that stereotypes of older adults have become more negative in recent years [49].”
The wisdom-frailty paradox: Mapping age stereotypes in contemporary Iranian media
Moazamigoudarzi, M., Wibisono, A. H., Yaghoobzadeh, A., & Poorcheraghi, H. (2026) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2026.2684779
Gülçin, K. U. R. T., Atasoy, E., & GÜLNAZ, H. (2026) · Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi · doi:10.21560/spcd.vi.1729211
Overman, M. J., Hopkins, L., & Evans, K. (2026) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-026-00932-x
“This rise in population ageing has been paralleled by improved life expectancy and health, greater intergenerational contact, and legislation aiming to enhance older adults’ social environments (Levy 2017; Diehl et al. 2021).”
Okolie, T. J., Ekoh, P. C., Nnadi, F. B., Nwabineli, I. H., Odo, O. C., Nwatu, U. L., Udeh, K., Chidebe, R. C. W., Onwubiko, S. V., Nyarko, L., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Sexual Health · doi:10.1080/19317611.2026.2699862
Metadata
- Authors
- Levy, B. R.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Levy, Becca R.
- ORCID
- Levy, Becca R.
- Venue
- The Gerontologist
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2017-06-19
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- suppl_2
- Pages
- S118-S126
- ISSN
- 0016-9013 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-5341
- OpenAlex
- W2738866580
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 16.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Gerontologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Demography › Retirement, Disability, and Employment
- Keywords
- age stereotypes, older adults, social status of older people, intergenerational interaction, social climate, elderly health, social change
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