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Cited by 271Genetics and Neurodevelopmental DisordersPluripotent Stem Cells ResearchRetinal Development and Disorders

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Isolation of MECP2-null Rett Syndrome patient hiPS cells and isogenic controls through X-chromosome inactivation

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Cheung, Aaron Y.L., Horvath, Lindsay M., Grafodatskaya, Daria, Pasceri, Peter, Weksberg, Rosanna, Hotta, Akitsu, Carrel, Laura, Ellis, James·2011·Human Molecular Genetics
DOI 10.1093/hmg/ddr093PMC PMC3090191
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Abstract

Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental autism spectrum disorder that affects girls due primarily to mutations in the gene encoding methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2). The majority of RTT patients carry missense and nonsense mutations leading to a hypomorphic MECP2, while null mutations leading to the complete absence of a functional protein are rare. MECP2 is an X-linked gene subject to random X-chromosome inactivation resulting in mosaic expression of mutant MECP2. The lack of human brain tissue motivates the need for alternative human cellular models to study RTT. Here we report the characterization of a MECP2 mutation in a classic female RTT patient involving rearrangements that remove exons 3 and 4 creating a functionally null mutation. To generate human neuron models of RTT, we isolated human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells from RTT patient fibroblasts. RTT-hiPS cells retained the MECP2 mutation, are pluripotent and fully reprogrammed, and retained an inactive X-chromosome in a nonrandom pattern. Taking advantage of the latter characteristic, we obtained a pair of isogenic wild-type and mutant MECP2 expressing RTT-hiPS cell lines that retained this MECP2 expression pattern upon differentiation into neurons. Phenotypic analysis of mutant RTT-hiPS cell-derived neurons demonstrated a reduction in soma size compared with the isogenic control RTT-hiPS cell-derived neurons from the same RTT patient. Analysis of isogenic control and mutant hiPS cell-derived neurons represents a promising source for understanding the pathogenesis of RTT and the role of MECP2 in human neurons.

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Figures

Figure 1. Mapping of the Δ3–4 MECP2 mutation. (A) Schematic of the MECP2 locus. Primers used for analysis of copy number variations and their approximate amplifying regions are indicated, where applicable, with orange bars. Primers in italics belong to intron 2. Primers in dark blue were used for amplification of WT (KR6-Fwd and KR16-Rev) and mutant Δ3–4 (AC7-Fwd and KR16-Rev) MECP2 alleles in (C) and their approximate location are indicated with dark blue arrows. The two alleles of MECP2 are indicated with red bars. There are two deletions that comprise the Δ3–4 MECP2 mutation, g.61340_67032delinsAGTTGTGCCAC and g.67072_67200del. The pair of deletions is indicated by the absence of one of the red bars indicative of the deletion of one of the two alleles creating a heterozygous deletion. The insertion associated with the larger deletion is indicated with a light blue bar. The nomenclature of the mutations relates to the genomic DNA sequence with position 1 defined as the first nucleotide of NG_007107.1 (NCBI: reference sequence). The approximate location of the p.T158M and p.R306C mutations is indicated. MBD, methyl-CpG binding domain; TRD, transcriptional repression domain; UTR, untranslated region. (B) qPCR analysis of copy number variations along the MECP2 locus. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. (C) PCR using WT and mutant-specific primers to amplify the WT and Δ3–4 MECP2 allele, respectively.
Figure 1. Mapping of the Δ3–4 MECP2 mutation. (A) Schematic of the MECP2 locus. Primers used for analysis of copy number variations and their approximate amplifying regions are indicated, where applicable, with orange bars. Primers in italics belong to intron 2. Primers in dark blue were used for amplification of WT (KR6-Fwd and KR16-Rev) and mutant Δ3–4 (AC7-Fwd and KR16-Rev) MECP2 alleles in (C) and their approximate location are indicated with dark blue arrows. The two alleles of MECP2 are indicated with red bars. There are two deletions that comprise the Δ3–4 MECP2 mutation, g.61340_67032delinsAGTTGTGCCAC and g.67072_67200del. The pair of deletions is indicated by the absence of one of the red bars indicative of the deletion of one of the two alleles creating a heterozygous deletion. The insertion associated with the larger deletion is indicated with a light blue bar. The nomenclature of the mutations relates to the genomic DNA sequence with position 1 defined as the first nucleotide of NG_007107.1 (NCBI: reference sequence). The approximate location of the p.T158M and p.R306C mutations is indicated. MBD, methyl-CpG binding domain; TRD, transcriptional repression domain; UTR, untranslated region. (B) qPCR analysis of copy number variations along the MECP2 locus. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. (C) PCR using WT and mutant-specific primers to amplify the WT and Δ3–4 MECP2 allele, respectively.CC BY-NC · PubMed Central
Figure 2. Δ3–4-hiPS cells are pluripotent and fully reprogrammed. (A) Δ3–4-hiPS #37 express pluripotency markers by immunocytochemistry. Scale bars, 100 µm. (B) Δ3–4-hiPS cells express bona fide hiPS cell markers by qRT–PCR. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. (C) Δ3–4-hiPS #37 differentiate into the three germ layers, ectoderm (TUJ1, NESTIN), mesoderm [MYOSIN, SMA (SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN)] and endoderm (GATA4, SOX17), in vitro via embryoid body formation. Scale bars, 50 µm. (D) Δ3–4-hiPS #37 differentiates into the three germ layers, ectoderm (pigmented epithelium), mesoderm (cartilage) and endoderm (gut epithelium), in vivo via teratoma formation by injection into immunodeficient mice. Scale bars, 50 µm. (E) Δ3–4-hiPS cells carry identical short tandem repeat profile as their parental fibroblast of origin and are distinct from CA1 hES cells in the laboratory. (F) qRT–PCR shows that Δ3–4-hiPS cells have largely silenced the reprogramming vectors in comparison to IMR90-4F+RFP and have reactivated the endogenous loci of the reprogramming factors similar to H9 hES cells. ‘pMXs' and ‘Endo' refers to primers specifically recognizing the exogenous reprogramming factors and endogenous loci, respectively. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. (G) Δ3–4-hiPS #37 carries a normal female karyotype by G-banding analysis.
Figure 2. Δ3–4-hiPS cells are pluripotent and fully reprogrammed. (A) Δ3–4-hiPS #37 express pluripotency markers by immunocytochemistry. Scale bars, 100 µm. (B) Δ3–4-hiPS cells express bona fide hiPS cell markers by qRT–PCR. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. (C) Δ3–4-hiPS #37 differentiate into the three germ layers, ectoderm (TUJ1, NESTIN), mesoderm [MYOSIN, SMA (SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN)] and endoderm (GATA4, SOX17), in vitro via embryoid body formation. Scale bars, 50 µm. (D) Δ3–4-hiPS #37 differentiates into the three germ layers, ectoderm (pigmented epithelium), mesoderm (cartilage) and endoderm (gut epithelium), in vivo via teratoma formation by injection into immunodeficient mice. Scale bars, 50 µm. (E) Δ3–4-hiPS cells carry identical short tandem repeat profile as their parental fibroblast of origin and are distinct from CA1 hES cells in the laboratory. (F) qRT–PCR shows that Δ3–4-hiPS cells have largely silenced the reprogramming vectors in comparison to IMR90-4F+RFP and have reactivated the endogenous loci of the reprogramming factors similar to H9 hES cells. ‘pMXs' and ‘Endo' refers to primers specifically recognizing the exogenous reprogramming factors and endogenous loci, respectively. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. (G) Δ3–4-hiPS #37 carries a normal female karyotype by G-banding analysis.CC BY-NC · PubMed Central
Figure 3. Female Δ3–4-hiPS cells retain an inactive X-chromosome. Δ3–4-hiPS cells were assessed by RNA-FISH and immunocytochemistry for XIST RNA (A) and H3K27me3 (B), respectively. Graph depicts the percentage of colonies with a single XIST RNA (A) and H3K27me3 (B) signal. Positive (+ve) colonies indicate that >90% of the cells observed within the colony were positive for the signal. Examples of positive colonies are shown on the left panels. Negative (−ve) colonies indicate that no cells within the colony were positive for the signal. Mix colonies indicate colonies where a single XIST RNA signal was detectable, but were below the threshold for a positive colony. The detection of these XCI marks suggests that Δ3–4-hiPS cells retain an inactive X-chromosome, at least in a large fraction of cells. The number of colonies analysed is indicated within each bar. Passage number of analysis is indicated in brackets. P, passage. Scale bars, 10 µm.
Figure 3. Female Δ3–4-hiPS cells retain an inactive X-chromosome. Δ3–4-hiPS cells were assessed by RNA-FISH and immunocytochemistry for XIST RNA (A) and H3K27me3 (B), respectively. Graph depicts the percentage of colonies with a single XIST RNA (A) and H3K27me3 (B) signal. Positive (+ve) colonies indicate that >90% of the cells observed within the colony were positive for the signal. Examples of positive colonies are shown on the left panels. Negative (−ve) colonies indicate that no cells within the colony were positive for the signal. Mix colonies indicate colonies where a single XIST RNA signal was detectable, but were below the threshold for a positive colony. The detection of these XCI marks suggests that Δ3–4-hiPS cells retain an inactive X-chromosome, at least in a large fraction of cells. The number of colonies analysed is indicated within each bar. Passage number of analysis is indicated in brackets. P, passage. Scale bars, 10 µm.CC BY-NC · PubMed Central
Figure 4. XCI is nonrandom in female RTT-hiPS cells. RTT-fibroblasts and -hiPS cells were assessed for XCI patterns via the AR assay. Δ3–4- (A), T158M- (B), and R306C- (C) fibroblasts exhibited a random XCI pattern as shown by the presence of two different-sized amplicons, 174 and 180 bp, 168 and 177 bp, and 171 and 174 bp, respectively, after digestion with methylation-sensitive enzymes. Δ3–4- (A), T158M- (B), and R306C- (C) hiPS cells exhibited an extreme XCI skewing pattern as shown by the preferential detection of a single-sized peak after digestion with methylation-sensitive enzymes. The corrected XCI ratio (see Materials and Methods) is indicated on the top left of the digested graph.
Figure 4. XCI is nonrandom in female RTT-hiPS cells. RTT-fibroblasts and -hiPS cells were assessed for XCI patterns via the AR assay. Δ3–4- (A), T158M- (B), and R306C- (C) fibroblasts exhibited a random XCI pattern as shown by the presence of two different-sized amplicons, 174 and 180 bp, 168 and 177 bp, and 171 and 174 bp, respectively, after digestion with methylation-sensitive enzymes. Δ3–4- (A), T158M- (B), and R306C- (C) hiPS cells exhibited an extreme XCI skewing pattern as shown by the preferential detection of a single-sized peak after digestion with methylation-sensitive enzymes. The corrected XCI ratio (see Materials and Methods) is indicated on the top left of the digested graph.CC BY-NC · PubMed Central
Figure 5. MECP2 expression follows the pattern of XCI in RTT-hiPS cells and their neuronal derivatives. RT–PCR (A) and qRT–PCR (B) of Δ3–4-hiPS cells detected WT MECP2 transcripts in Δ3–4-hiPS #6 and #37 but not in Δ3–4-hiPS #20, indicating Δ3–4-hiPS #20 expresses the Δ3–4 mutant MECP2 transcript. Diff. fNSCs, differentiated fetal neural stem cells; Fib, fibroblasts. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (B). Sequencing of T158M- (C) and R306C- (D) fibroblasts' cDNA revealed that the fibroblasts express a mixture of WT and mutant MECP2 transcripts as indicated by the ‘C' and ‘T' nucleotide peaks, respectively. Sequencing of T158M- (C) and R306C- (D) hiPS cells revealed that they only express the WT and mutant MECP2 transcripts, respectively. Mut, Mutant. Δ3–4-hiPS #20 and #37 were differentiated into neurons for 9–10 weeks. WT MECP2 expression was assessed by immunocytochemistry (E) and qRT–PCR (F) and was detected in Δ3–4-hiPS #37-derived neurons but not in Δ3–4-hiPS #20-derived neurons. Scale bars, 39 µm (E). Diff. fNSCs, differentiated fetal neural stem cells; Fib, fibroblasts. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (F). (G) Δ3–4-hiPS #20 and #37 were differentiated into neurons for 9 weeks. Δ3–4-hiPS #20-derived neurons exhibited significant reduction in soma size compared with Δ3–4-hiPS #37-derived neurons (*, P < 0.0001, Student's t-test). Total number of neurons (n) analysed per hiPS cell line from two independent biological replicates is indicated at the bottom of each bar. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM.
Figure 5. MECP2 expression follows the pattern of XCI in RTT-hiPS cells and their neuronal derivatives. RT–PCR (A) and qRT–PCR (B) of Δ3–4-hiPS cells detected WT MECP2 transcripts in Δ3–4-hiPS #6 and #37 but not in Δ3–4-hiPS #20, indicating Δ3–4-hiPS #20 expresses the Δ3–4 mutant MECP2 transcript. Diff. fNSCs, differentiated fetal neural stem cells; Fib, fibroblasts. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (B). Sequencing of T158M- (C) and R306C- (D) fibroblasts' cDNA revealed that the fibroblasts express a mixture of WT and mutant MECP2 transcripts as indicated by the ‘C' and ‘T' nucleotide peaks, respectively. Sequencing of T158M- (C) and R306C- (D) hiPS cells revealed that they only express the WT and mutant MECP2 transcripts, respectively. Mut, Mutant. Δ3–4-hiPS #20 and #37 were differentiated into neurons for 9–10 weeks. WT MECP2 expression was assessed by immunocytochemistry (E) and qRT–PCR (F) and was detected in Δ3–4-hiPS #37-derived neurons but not in Δ3–4-hiPS #20-derived neurons. Scale bars, 39 µm (E). Diff. fNSCs, differentiated fetal neural stem cells; Fib, fibroblasts. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (F). (G) Δ3–4-hiPS #20 and #37 were differentiated into neurons for 9 weeks. Δ3–4-hiPS #20-derived neurons exhibited significant reduction in soma size compared with Δ3–4-hiPS #37-derived neurons (*, P < 0.0001, Student's t-test). Total number of neurons (n) analysed per hiPS cell line from two independent biological replicates is indicated at the bottom of each bar. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM.CC BY-NC · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Cheung, A. Y. L., Horvath, L. M., Grafodatskaya, D., Pasceri, P., Weksberg, R., Hotta, A., Carrel, L., & Ellis, J.
Affiliations
  • University of Toronto (CA)
  • Pennsylvania State University (US)
  • Hospital for Sick Children (CA)
  • Biologie du Développement et Cellules Souches (FR)
Corresponding author
Ellis, James
ORCID
Venue
Human Molecular Genetics
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2011-03-03
Volume
20
Issue
11
Pages
2103-2115
ISSN
  • 0964-6906 (ISSN-L)
  • 1460-2083
DOI
10.1093/hmg/ddr093
PMC
PMC3090191
OpenAlex
W2103756619
Cited by
271
References
61
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 42
FWCI
20.35
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc
Locations
  • Human Molecular Genetics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Canadian Institutes of Health Research (RMF92090, 94505_1, MOP102649)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD056452, R01HD056452)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Pluripotent Stem Cells Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Development and Disorders
Keywords
Rett syndrome, MeCP2, X chromosome inactivation, induced pluripotent stem cells, isogenic cell lines, fibroblast reprogramming, neurodevelopmental disorders, autism spectrum disorder
MeSH terms
Brain, Cell Differentiation, Cell Line, Chromosome Mapping, Exons, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Genotype, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Karyotyping, Male, Mutation, Neurons, Phenotype, Rett Syndrome, DNA Fingerprinting, Chromosomes, Human, X, X Chromosome Inactivation, Genes, X-Linked, Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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