Systematic reanalysis of partial trisomy 21 cases with or without Down syndrome suggests a small region on 21q22.13 as critical to the phenotype
Open accessAbstract
A 'Down Syndrome critical region' (DSCR) sufficient to induce the most constant phenotypes of Down syndrome (DS) had been identified by studying partial (segmental) trisomy 21 (PT21) as an interval of 0.6-8.3 Mb within human chromosome 21 (Hsa21), although its existence was later questioned. We propose an innovative, systematic reanalysis of all described PT21 cases (from 1973 to 2015). In particular, we built an integrated, comparative map from 125 cases with or without DS fulfilling stringent cytogenetic and clinical criteria. The map allowed to define or exclude as candidates for DS fine Hsa21 sequence intervals, also integrating duplication copy number variants (CNVs) data. A highly restricted DSCR (HR-DSCR) of only 34 kb on distal 21q22.13 has been identified as the minimal region whose duplication is shared by all DS subjects and is absent in all non-DS subjects. Also being spared by any duplication CNV in healthy subjects, HR-DSCR is proposed as a candidate for the typical DS features, the intellectual disability and some facial phenotypes. HR-DSCR contains no known gene and has relevant homology only to the chimpanzee genome. Searching for HR-DSCR functional loci might become a priority for understanding the fundamental genotype-phenotype relationships in DS.
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The duplication of at least a restricted region of human chromosome 21 is associated to Down Syndrome.
“Since the duplication of at least a restricted region of human chromosome 21 is associated to DS [48], further studies are necessary to determine whether the duplication of this chromosome 21 region and/or the leukaemia condition is responsible for this deviation pattern.”
From On the length, weight and GC content of the human genome (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
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A Case of Early Onset Scoliosis with Trisomy 1q and Monosomy 21q
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- Authors
- Pelleri, M. C., Cicchini, E., Locatelli, C., Vitale, L., Caracausi, M., Piovesan, A., Rocca, A., Poletti, G., Seri, M., Strippoli, P., & Cocchi, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Bologna (IT)
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedliero-Universitaria di Bologna Policlinico di Sant'Orsola (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Strippoli, Pierluigi
- ORCID
- Venue
- Human Molecular Genetics
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2016-04-22
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- ddw116
- ISSN
- 0964-6906 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2083
- PMC
- PMC5181629
- OpenAlex
- W2337502737
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 1.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Human Molecular Genetics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- McGill University
- Università di Bologna
- Università degli Studi di Brescia
- Università degli Studi di Udine
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genomic variations and chromosomal abnormalities
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities
- Keywords
- Down syndrome, partial trisomy 21, Down syndrome critical region, chromosome 21, copy number variation, intellectual disability, facial phenotype, genotype-phenotype correlation
- MeSH terms
- Chromosome Mapping, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21, Down Syndrome, Female, Genotype, Humans, Male, Trisomy, Genetic Association Studies, DNA Copy Number Variations
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