Cohort Profile: The 1946 National Birth Cohort (MRC National Survey of Health and Development)
Abstract
The first of the British National Birth Cohort studies aimed to address two health and social policy questions of importance in the years before the establishment of the National Health Service (NHS) in 1948. The first question, identified by the Royal Commission on Population, asked why the national fertility rate had been falling consistently since the middle of the 19th century. A proposed explanation was that the ‘medical and other costs associated with the birth of a baby may today be a serious deterrent to parenthood.’1 The second question asked ‘what was the national distribution and use of obstetric medical and midwifery services, and how far do they prevent premature and infant death, and promote the health of mothers and infants?’1 The study set up to address these questions was promoted by the Royal College of Obstetricians and the Population Investigation Committee, and funded by the Nuffield Foundation and the National Birthday Trust Fund for a data collection from all who delivered births that took place during March 3–9, 1946 throughout England, Wales, and Scotland.
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Non-fasting blood samples have been found to be indicators of CVD risk when fasting blood samples are unavailable in large observational studies.
“Measures from non-fasting blood samples have been found to be indicators of CVD risk when the preferred fasting blood samples are unavailable in large observational studies (25,26) .”
From Irregularity of energy intake at meals: prospective associations with the metabolic syndrome in adults of the 1946 British birth cohort (2016) · cites this paper as [26]
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Angelakopoulou, A., Shah, T., Sofat, R., Shah, S. H., Berry, D. J., Cooper, J. A., Palmen, J., Tzoulaki, I., Wong, A., Jefferis, B. J. M. H., et al. (2011) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr225 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationBann, D., Johnson, W., Li, L., Kuh, D. J., & Hardy, R. (2017) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002214 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationBann, D., Villadsen, A., Maddock, J., Hughes, A. D., Ploubidis, G. B., Silverwood, R. J., & Patalay, P. (2021) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2020-215664 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Physical Activity Across Adulthood and Physical Performance in Midlife
Cooper, R., Mishra, G. D., & Kuh, D. J. (2011) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.06.035 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationThe impact of bilingualism on executive functions and working memory in young adults
Antón, E., Carreiras, M., & Duñabeitia, J. A. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0206770 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Bukodi, E., & Goldthorpe, J. H. (2015) · Research in Social Stratification and Mobility · doi:10.1016/j.rssm.2015.01.003 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
McMunn, A., Lacey, R. E., Worts, D., McDonough, P., Stafford, M., Booker, C. L., Meena Kumari, B., & Sacker, A. (2015) · Advances in Life Course Research · doi:10.1016/j.alcr.2015.06.002 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Pot, G. K., Hardy, R., & Stephen, A. M. (2014) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2014.51 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationAlmoosawi, S., Prynne, C. J., Hardy, R., & Stephen, A. M. (2012) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.103 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationLane, C., Parker, T. D., Cash, D. M., Macpherson, K., Donnachie, E., Murray‐Smith, H., Barnes, A., Barker, S., Beasley, D. G., Brás, J., et al. (2017) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-017-0846-x · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial Mobility and Education in Britain
Bukodi, E., & Goldthorpe, J. H. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108567404 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Association Between Reproductive Life Span and Incident Nonfatal Cardiovascular Disease
Mishra, S. R., Chung, H., Waller, M., Dobson, A. J., Greenwood, D. C., Cade, J. E., Giles, G. G., Bruinsma, F., Simonsen, M. K., Hardy, R., et al. (2020) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.4105 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of longitudinal cohort studies in epigenetic epidemiology: challenges and opportunities
Ng, J. W. Y., Barrett, L. M., Wong, A., Kuh, D. J., Smith, G. D., & Relton, C. L. (2012) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2012-13-6-246 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationSixty-Five Common Genetic Variants and Prediction of Type 2 Diabetes
Talmud, P. J., Cooper, J. A., Morris, R. W., Dudbridge, F., Shah, T., Engmann, J., Dale, C. E., White, J., McLachlan, S., Zabaneh, D., et al. (2014) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db14-1504 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationDehbi, H., Blangiardo, M., Gulliver, J., Fecht, D., de Hoogh, K., Kanaani, Z. A., Tillin, T., Hardy, R., Chaturvedi, N., & Hansell, A. (2016) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2016.12.004 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationMartin, K. R., Kuh, D. J., Harris, T. B., Guralnik, J. M., Coggon, D., & Wills, A. K. (2013) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-14-219 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationCLASS ORIGINS, EDUCATION AND OCCUPATIONAL ATTAINMENT IN BRITAIN
Bukodi, E., & Goldthorpe, J. H. (2011) · European Societies · doi:10.1080/14616696.2011.568259 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Validation of self-reported diagnosis of diabetes in the 1946 British birth cohort
Pastorino, S., Richards, M., Hardy, R., Abington, J., Wills, A. K., Kuh, D. J., & Pierce, M. B. (2014) · Primary care diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2014.05.003 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationHarvey, S. B., Wadsworth, M. E. J., Wessely, S. C., & Hotopf, M. H. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707001900 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationAbbott, R., Croudace, T. J., Ploubidis, G. B., Kuh, D. J., Richards, M., & Huppert, F. A. (2008) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0355-8 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationPeeters, G. M. E. E., van Schoor, N. M., Cooper, R., Tooth, L. R., & Kenny, R. A. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201989 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Norris, T., Cole, T. J., Bann, D., Hamer, M., Hardy, R., Li, L., Ong, K. K., Ploubidis, G. B., Viner, R., & Johnson, W. (2020) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003387 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationHuppert, F., Abbott, R., Ploubidis, G., Richards, M., & Kuh, D. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709991978 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationElks, C. E., Loos, R. J. F., Hardy, R., Wills, A. K., Wong, A., Wareham, N. J., Kuh, D. J., & Ong, K. K. (2012) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.027870 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial Mobility and Education in Britain: Research, Politics and Policy
Bukodi, E., & Goldthorpe, J. H. (2018) · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Cairns, B. J., Liu, B. C., Clennell, S., Cooper, R., REEVES, G. K., Beral, V., & Kuh, D. J. (2011) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-11-7 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationDNA methylation age and physical and cognitive ageing
Maddock, J., Fernandez, J. C., Wong, A., Cooper, R., Richards, M., Ong, K. K., Ploubidis, G. B., Goodman, A. T., Kuh, D. J., Bell, J. T., et al. (2019) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glz246 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationCohort description: The Northern Ireland Longitudinal Study (NILS)
O’Reilly, D., Rosato, M., Catney, G., Johnston, F. H., & Brolly, M. T. (2011) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyq271 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Genetic impacts on DNA methylation help elucidate regulatory genomic processes
Villicaña, S., Castillo-Fernandez, J., Hannon, E., Christiansen, C. E., Tsai, P.-C., Maddock, J., Kuh, D., Suderman, M., Power, C., Relton, C., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1186/s13059-023-03011-x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationMishra, G. D., Hardy, R., Cardozo, L., & Kuh, D. J. (2008) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.107 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationFuller‐Thomson, E., & Kuh, D. J. (2013) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2013.08.009 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationSchoon, I. (2010) · Longitudinal and Life Course Studies · doi:10.14301/llcs.v1i3.93 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Wells, J. C. K. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511972959 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Menopausal status and physical performance in midlife
Cooper, R., Mishra, G. D., Clennell, S., Guralnik, J. M., & Kuh, D. J. (2008) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e31816f63a3 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationEtiology of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Testing Popular Hypotheses Using a National Birth Cohort Study
Harvey, S. B., Wadsworth, M. E. J., Wessely, S. C., & Hotopf, M. H. (2008) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31816a8dbc · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationPrevalence and childhood antecedents of depersonalization syndrome in a UK birth cohort
Lee, W. E., Kwok, C. H. T., Hunter, E. C. M., Richards, M., & David, A. S. (2012) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-010-0327-7 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationAnderson, D. J., Chung, H., Seib, C. A., Dobson, A. J., Kuh, D. J., Brunner, E. J., Crawford, S. L., Avis, N. E., Gold, E. B., Greendale, G. A., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2019.10.103 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationGardner, M. P., Lightman, S., Sayer, A. A., Cooper, C., Cooper, R., Deeg, D., Ebrahim, S., Gallacher, J., Kivimaki, M., Kumari, M., et al. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.04.016 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationAre BMI and inflammatory markers independently associated with physical fatigability in old age?
Cooper, R., Popham, M., Santanasto, A. J., Hardy, R., Glynn, N. W., & Kuh, D. J. (2018) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-018-0087-0 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationHow are social determinants of health integrated into epigenetic research? A systematic review
Evans, L. A., Engelman, M., Mikulas, A., & Malecki, K. M. C. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113738 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Golubić, R., Martin, K. R., Ekelund, U., Hardy, R., Kuh, D. J., Wareham, N. J., Cooper, R., Brage, S., & teams, O. B. O. T. N. S. A. D. C. (2014) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-11-58 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationParenting practices and intergenerational associations in cognitive ability
Byford, M., Kuh, D., & Richards, M. (2012) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyr188 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationCigarette Smoking and E-cigarette Use Induce Shared DNA Methylation Changes Linked to Carcinogenesis
Herzog, C. M. S., Jones, A., Evans, I., Raut, J. R., Zikán, M., Cibula, D., Wong, A., Brenner, H., Richmond, R. C., & Widschwendter, M. (2024) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-2957 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Mishra, G. D., Hardy, R., & Kuh, D. J. (2007) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e31802f3156 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationBukodi, E., & Goldthorpe, J. H. (2011) · Longitudinal and Life Course Studies · doi:10.14301/llcs.v2i2.122 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Health and study dropout: health aspects differentially predict attrition
Beller, J., Geyer, S., & Epping, J. (2022) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-022-01508-w · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The Dementias Platform UK (DPUK) Data Portal
Bauermeister, S., Orton, C., Thompson, S., Barker, R. A., Bauermeister, J. R., Ben‐Shlomo, Y., Brayne, C., Burn, D. J., Campbell, A. I., Calvin, C. M., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-020-00633-4 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationPhysical Activity and Mental Well-being in a Cohort Aged 60–64 Years
Black, S., Cooper, R., Martin, K. R., Brage, S., Kuh, D. J., & Stafford, M. (2015) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.03.009 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationAnjum, S., Fourkala, E.-O., Zikán, M., Wong, A., Gentry‐Maharaj, A., Jones, A., Hardy, R., Cibula, D., Kuh, D. J., Jacobs, I. J., et al. (2014) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/gm567 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationLife Course Approach in Social Epidemiology: An Overview, Application and Future Implications
Cable, N. (2014) · Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.2188/jea.je20140045 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Maddock, J., Parsons, S., Gessa, G. D., Green, M. J., Thompson, E. J., Stevenson, A. J., Kwong, A. S. F., McElroy, E., Santorelli, G., Silverwood, R. J., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064981 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Associations between the Pubertal Timing-Related Variant inLIN28Band BMI Vary Across the Life Course
Ong, K. K., Elks, C. E., Wills, A. K., Wong, A., Wareham, N. J., Loos, R. J. F., Kuh, D. J., & Hardy, R. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2010-0941 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Wadsworth, M., Kuh, D., Richards, M., & Hardy, R.
- Affiliations
- The Royal Free Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Wadsworth, Michael
- Venue
- International Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2005-10-04
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 49-54
- ISSN
- 0300-5771 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-3685
- OpenAlex
- W2100152214
- Cited by
- 515
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 21.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Historical Studies on Reproduction, Gender, Health, and Societal Changes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Keywords
- MRC National Survey of Health and Development, birth cohort, fertility decline, obstetric care, midwifery services, maternal and newborn health, preterm birth, infant mortality, National Health Service, health policy
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child Development, Child Welfare, Child, Preschool, Data Collection, Female, United Kingdom, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Cohort Studies, Sample Size
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