Toll-like receptors in innate immunity

Toll-like receptor signalling

Akira, S., & Takeda, K. (2004) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1391 · Cited by 8,312

Defective LPS Signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr Mice: Mutations in Tlr4 Gene

Poltorak, A., He, X., Smirnova, I., Liu, M.-Y., Huffel, C. V., Du, X., Birdwell, D., Alejos, E., Silva, M., Galanos, C., et al. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.282.5396.2085 · Cited by 7,631

A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA

Hemmi, H., Takeuchi, O., Kawai, T., Kaisho, T., Sato, S., Sanjo, H., Matsumoto, M., Hoshino, K., Wagner, H., Takeda, K., et al. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35047123 · Cited by 6,491 · cited 12×

Toll-Like Receptors

Takeda, K., Kaisho, T., & Akira, S. (2003) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141126 · Cited by 6,143

Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-κB by Toll-like receptor 3

Alexopoulou, L., Holt, A. C., Medzhitov, R., & Flavell, R. A. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35099560 · Cited by 6,129

Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn's disease

Hugot, J.-P., Chamaillard, M., Zouali, H., Lesage, S., Cézard, J.-P., Belaiche, J., Almer, S., Tysk, C., O'Morain, C. A., Gassull, M., et al. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35079107 · Cited by 5,591

A frameshift mutation in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease

Ogura, Y., Bonen, D. K., Inohara, N., Nicolae, D. L., Chen, F. F., Ramos, R., Britton, H., Moran, T., Karaliuskas, R., Duerr, R. H., et al. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35079114 · Cited by 5,030

Recognition of Commensal Microflora by Toll-Like Receptors Is Required for Intestinal Homeostasis

Rakoff-Nahoum, S., Paglino, J., Eslami-Varzaneh, F., Edberg, S., & Medzhitov, R. (2004) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.07.002 · Cited by 4,251

The Dorsoventral Regulatory Gene Cassette spätzle/Toll/cactus Controls the Potent Antifungal Response in Drosophila Adults

Lemaître, B., Nicolas, E., Michaut, L., Reichhart, J., & Hoffmann, J. A. (1996) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80172-5 · Cited by 4,224

The RNA helicase RIG-I has an essential function in double-stranded RNA-induced innate antiviral responses

Yoneyama, M., Kikuchi, M., Natsukawa, T., Shinobu, N., Imaizumi, T., Miyagishi, M., Taira, K., Akira, S., & Fujita, T. (2004) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1087 · Cited by 4,022

Species-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via toll-like receptor 7 and 8

Heil, F., Hemmi, H., Hochrein, H., Ampenberger, F., Kirschning, C., Akira, S., Lipford, G., Wagner, H., & Bauer, S. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1093620 · Cited by 3,947

Differential roles of TLR2 and TLR4 in recognition of gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial cell wall components.

Takeuchi, O., Hoshino, K., Kawai, T., Sanjo, H., Takada, H., Ogawa, T., Takeda, K., & Akira, S. (1999) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80119-3 · Cited by 3,680

The innate immune response to bacterial flagellin is mediated by Toll-like receptor 5

Hayashi, F., Smith, K. D., Ozinsky, A., Hawn, T. R., Yi, E. C., Goodlett, D. R., Eng, J. K., Akira, S., Underhill, D. M., & Aderem, A. A. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35074106 · Cited by 3,605

Innate antiviral responses by means of TLR7-mediated recognition of single-stranded RNA

Diebold, S. S., Kaisho, T., Hemmi, H., Akira, S., & Reis e Sousa, C. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1093616 · Cited by 3,444

Cutting Edge: Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4)-Deficient Mice Are Hyporesponsive to Lipopolysaccharide: Evidence for TLR4 as the Lps Gene Product

Hoshino, K., Takeuchi, O., Kawai, T., Sanjo, H., Ogawa, T., Takeda, Y., Takeda, K., & Akira, S. (1999) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.162.7.3749 · Cited by 3,374

Role of Adaptor TRIF in the MyD88-Independent Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathway

Yamamoto, M., Sato, S., Hemmi, H., Hoshino, K., Kaisho, T., Sanjo, H., Takeuchi, O., Sugiyama, M., Okabe, M., Takeda, K., et al. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1087262 · Cited by 3,286

IKKε and TBK1 are essential components of the IRF3 signaling pathway

Fitzgerald, K. A., McWhirter, S. M., Faia, K. L., Rowe, D. C., Latz, E., Golenbock, D. T., Coyle, A. J., Liao, S.-M., & Maniatis, T. (2003) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni921 · Cited by 2,680

Small anti-viral compounds activate immune cells via the TLR7 MyD88–dependent signaling pathway

Hemmi, H., Kaisho, T., Takeuchi, O., Sato, S., Sanjo, H., Hoshino, K., Horiuchi, T., Tomizawa, H., Takeda, K., & Akira, S. (2002) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni758 · Cited by 2,577

Nod2 Is a General Sensor of Peptidoglycan through Muramyl Dipeptide (MDP) Detection

Girardin, S. E., Boneca, I. G., Viala, J., Chamaillard, M., Labigne-Roussel, A., Thomas, G. D., Philpott, D. J., & Sansonetti, P. J. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.c200651200 · Cited by 2,397

Unresponsiveness of MyD88-deficient mice to endotoxin.

Kawai, T., Adachi, O., Ogawa, T., Takeda, K., & Akira, S. (1999) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80086-2 · Cited by 2,367

A family of human receptors structurally related to Drosophila Toll.

Rock, F., Hardiman, G., Timans, J., Kastelein, R., & Bazan, J. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.2.588 · Cited by 2,009

Chromatin–IgG complexes activate B cells by dual engagement of IgM and Toll-like receptors

Leadbetter, E. A., Rifkin, I. R., Hohlbaum, A. M., Beaudette-Zlatanova, B. C., Shlomchik, M. J., & Marshak‐Rothstein, A. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/416603a · Cited by 1,929

Recognition of single-stranded RNA viruses by Toll-like receptor 7

Lund, J. M., Alexopoulou, L., Sato, A., Karow, M. L., Adams, N. C., Gale, N. W., Iwasaki, A., & Flavell, R. A. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0400937101 · Cited by 1,854

Host Recognition of Bacterial Muramyl Dipeptide Mediated through NOD2

Inohara, N., Ogura, Y., Fontalba, A., Gutierrez, O., Pons, F., Crespo, J., Fukase, K., Inamura, S., Kusumoto, S., Hashimoto, M., et al. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.c200673200 · Cited by 1,694

Triggering the Interferon Antiviral Response Through an IKK-Related Pathway

Sharma, S., tenOever, B. R., Grandvaux, N., Zhou, G., Lin, R., & Hiscott, J. B. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1081315 · Cited by 1,685

Collaborative Induction of Inflammatory Responses by Dectin-1 and Toll-like Receptor 2

Gantner, B. N., Simmons, R. M., Canavera, S. J., Akira, S., & Underhill, D. M. (2003) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20021787 · Cited by 1,682

Nod1 Detects a Unique Muropeptide from Gram-Negative Bacterial Peptidoglycan

Girardin, S. E., Boneca, I. G., Carneiro, L. A. M., Antignac, A., Jéhanno, M., Viala, J., Tedin, K., Taha, M., Labigne-Roussel, A., Zäthringer, U., et al. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1084677 · Cited by 1,625

The Toll-like receptor 2 is recruited to macrophage phagosomes and discriminates between pathogens

Underhill, D. M., Ozinsky, A., Hajjar, A. M., Stevens, A. M., Wilson, C. B., Bassetti, M., & Aderem, A. A. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/44605 · Cited by 1,370

TLR9 signals after translocating from the ER to CpG DNA in the lysosome

Latz, E., Schoenemeyer, A., Visintin, A., Fitzgerald, K. A., Monks, B. G., Knetter, C. F., Lien, E., Nilsen, N. J., Espevik, T., & Golenbock, D. T. (2004) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1028 · Cited by 1,355

Cutting Edge: Bacterial Flagellin Activates Basolaterally Expressed TLR5 to Induce Epithelial Proinflammatory Gene Expression

Gewirtz, A. T., Navas, T. A., Lyons, S., Godowski, P. J., & Madara, J. (2001) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.167.4.1882 · Cited by 1,345

An essential role for NOD1 in host recognition of bacterial peptidoglycan containing diaminopimelic acid

Chamaillard, M., Hashimoto, M., Horie, Y., Masumoto, J., Qiu, S., Saab, L., Ogura, Y., Kawasaki, A., Fukase, K., Kusumoto, S., et al. (2003) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni945 · Cited by 1,323

Mal (MyD88-adapter-like) is required for Toll-like receptor-4 signal transduction

Fitzgerald, K. A., Pålsson‐McDermott, E. M., Bowie, A., Jefferies, C. A., Mansell, A. S., Brady, G., Brint, E. K., Dunne, A., Gray, P., Harte, M. T., et al. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35092578 · Cited by 1,258

Cutting Edge: A Novel Toll/IL-1 Receptor Domain-Containing Adapter That Preferentially Activates the IFN-β Promoter in the Toll-Like Receptor Signaling

Yamamoto, M., Sato, S., Mori, K., Hoshino, K., Takeuchi, O., Takeda, K., & Akira, S. (2002) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.169.12.6668 · Cited by 1,246

Discrimination of bacterial lipoproteins by Toll-like receptor 6

Takeuchi, O., Kawai, T., Mühlradt, P. F., Morr, M., Radolf, J. D., Zychlinsky, A., Takeda, K., & Akira, S. (2001) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/13.7.933 · Cited by 1,233

Identification of Lps2 as a key transducer of MyD88-independent TIR signalling

Hoebe, K. H. N., Du, X., Georgel, P., Janssen, E. M., Tabeta, K., Kim, S. O., Goode, J., Lin, P., Mann, N., Mudd, S., et al. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01889 · Cited by 1,232

Enhanced Th1 activity and development of chronic enterocolitis in mice devoid of Stat3 in macrophages and neutrophils

Takeda, K., Clausen, B. E., Kaisho, T., Tsujimura, T., Terada, N., Förster, I., & Akira, S. (1999) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80005-9 · Cited by 1,220

TICAM-1, an adaptor molecule that participates in Toll-like receptor 3–mediated interferon-β induction

Oshiumi, H., Matsumoto, M., Funami, K., Akazawa, T., & Seya, T. (2003) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni886 · Cited by 1,217

Toll-like Receptor 9–mediated Recognition of Herpes Simplex Virus-2 by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells

Lund, J. M., Sato, A., Akira, S., Medzhitov, R. M., & Iwasaki, A. (2003) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20030162 · Cited by 1,197

Drosophila innate immunity: an evolutionary perspective

Hoffmann, J. A., & Reichhart, J. (2002) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni0202-121 · Cited by 1,168

Lipopolysaccharide Stimulates the MyD88-Independent Pathway and Results in Activation of IFN-Regulatory Factor 3 and the Expression of a Subset of Lipopolysaccharide-Inducible Genes

Kawai, T., Takeuchi, O., Fujita, T., Inoue, J., Mühlradt, P. F., Sato, S., Hoshino, K., & Akira, S. (2001) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.167.10.5887 · Cited by 1,115

NODs: intracellular proteins involved in inflammation and apoptosis

Inohara, N., & Núñez, G. (2003) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1086 · Cited by 1,084

Lack of Toll-like receptor 4 or myeloid differentiation factor 88 reduces atherosclerosis and alters plaque phenotype in mice deficient in apolipoprotein E

Michelsen, K. S., Wong, M. H., Shah, P. K., Zhang, W., Yano, J., Doherty, T. M., Akira, S., Rajavashisth, T. B., & Arditi, M. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0403249101 · Cited by 1,019

A Toll-like Receptor That Prevents Infection by Uropathogenic Bacteria

Zhang, D., Zhang, G., Hayden, M. S., Greenblatt, M. B., Bussey, C., Flavell, R. A., & Ghosh, S. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1094351 · Cited by 1,014

Regulation of Phagosome Maturation by Signals from Toll-Like Receptors

Blander, J. M., & Medzhitov, R. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1096158 · Cited by 991

TIRAP: an adapter molecule in the Toll signaling pathway

Horng, T., Barton, G. M., & Medzhitov, R. M. (2001) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni0901-835 · Cited by 970

CARD15 mutations in Blau syndrome

Miceli‐Richard, C., Lesage, S., Rybojad, M., Prieur, A., Manouvrier‐Hanu, S., Häfner, R., Chamaillard, M., Zouali, H., Thomas, G. D., & Hugot, J. (2001) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng720 · Cited by 966

Toll-like receptors 9 and 3 as essential components of innate immune defense against mouse cytomegalovirus infection

Tabeta, K., Georgel, P., Janssen, E. M., Du, X., Hoebe, K. H. N., Crozat, K., Mudd, S., Shamel, L., Sovath, S., Goode, J., et al. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0400525101 · Cited by 956

RICK/Rip2/CARDIAK mediates signalling for receptors of the innate and adaptive immune systems

Kobayashi, K. S., Inohara, N., Hernandez, L. D., Galán, J. E., Núñez, G., Janeway, C. A., Medzhitov, R. M., & Flavell, R. A. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/416194a · Cited by 888

RIP1 is an essential mediator of Toll-like receptor 3–induced NF-κB activation

Meylan, E., Burns, K., Hofmann, K., Blancheteau, V., Martinon, F., Kelliher, M. A., & Tschopp, J. (2004) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1061 · Cited by 877

NOD2 is a negative regulator of Toll-like receptor 2–mediated T helper type 1 responses

Watanabe, T., Kitani, A., Murray, P. J., & Strober, W. (2004) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1092 · Cited by 864

IRF3 Mediates a TLR3/TLR4-Specific Antiviral Gene Program

Doyle, S. E., Vaidya, S. A., O’Connell, R. M., Dadgostar, H., Dempsey, P. W., Wu, T., Rao, G., Sun, R., Haberland, M. E., Modlin, R. L., et al. (2002) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00390-4 · Cited by 847

Direct triggering of the type I interferon system by virus infection: activation of a transcription factor complex containing IRF‐3 and CBP/p300

Yoneyama, M., Suhara, W., Fukuhara, Y., Fukuda, M., Nishida, E., & Fujita, T. (1998) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/17.4.1087 · Cited by 841

Human TLR7 or TLR8 independently confer responsiveness to the antiviral compound R-848

Jurk, M., Heil, F., Vollmer, J., Schetter, C., Krieg, A. M., Wagner, H., Lipford, G., & Bauer, S. (2002) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni0602-499 · Cited by 838

The adaptor molecule TIRAP provides signalling specificity for Toll-like receptors

Horng, T., Barton, G. M., Flavell, R. A., & Medzhitov, R. M. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01180 · Cited by 825

Drosophila Toll is activated by Gram-positive bacteria through a circulating peptidoglycan recognition protein

Michel, T., Reichhart, J., Hoffmann, J. A., & Royet, J. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/414756a · Cited by 818

Toll-like receptor 5 recognizes a conserved site on flagellin required for protofilament formation and bacterial motility

Smith, K. D., Andersen‐Nissen, E., Hayashi, F., Strobe, K. L., Bergman, M. A., Barrett, S. L. R., Cookson, B. T., & Aderem, A. A. (2003) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1011 · Cited by 808

TLR4, but not TLR2, mediates IFN-β–induced STAT1α/β-dependent gene expression in macrophages

Toshchakov, V. Y., Jones, B. W., Perera, P., Thomas, K., Cody, M. J., Zhang, S., Williams, B. R. G., Major, J. A., Hamilton, T. A., Fenton, M. J., et al. (2002) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni774 · Cited by 802

Cutting Edge: Endotoxin Tolerance in Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages Correlates with Down-Regulation of Surface Toll-Like Receptor 4 Expression

Nomura, F., Akashi, S., Sakao, Y., Sato, S., Kawai, T., Matsumoto, M., Nakanishi, K., Kimoto, M., Miyake, K., Takeda, K., et al. (2000) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.164.7.3476 · Cited by 765

Leptospiral lipopolysaccharide activates cells through a TLR2-dependent mechanism

Werts, C., Tapping, R. I., Mathison, J. C., Chuang, T., Kravchenko, V. V., Girons, I. S., Haake, D. A., Godowski, P. J., Hayashi, F., Ozinsky, A., et al. (2001) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/86354 · Cited by 732

Toll/IL-1 Receptor Domain-Containing Adaptor Inducing IFN-β (TRIF) Associates with TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6 and TANK-Binding Kinase 1, and Activates Two Distinct Transcription Factors, NF-κB and IFN-Regulatory Factor-3, in the Toll-Like Receptor Signaling

Sato, S., Sugiyama, M., Yamamoto, M., Watanabe, Y., Kawai, T., Takeda, K., & Akira, S. (2003) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.171.8.4304 · Cited by 730

Bacterial CpG-DNA and lipopolysaccharides activate Toll-like receptors at distinct cellular compartments

Ahmad‐Nejad, P., Häcker, H., Rutz, M., Bauer, S., Vabulas, R. M., & Wagner, H. (2002) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/1521-4141(200207)32:7 · Cited by 728

TLR9-Dependent Recognition of MCMV by IPC and DC Generates Coordinated Cytokine Responses that Activate Antiviral NK Cell Function

Krug, A., French, A. R., Barchet, W., Fischer, J. A. A., Dzionek, A., Pingel, J. T., Orihuela, M. M., Akira, S., Yokoyama, W. M., & Colonna, M. (2004) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2004.06.007 · Cited by 727

Subcellular Localization of Toll-Like Receptor 3 in Human Dendritic Cells

Matsumoto, M., Funami, K., Tanabe, M., Oshiumi, H., Shingai, M., Seto, Y., Yamamoto, A., & Seya, T. (2003) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.171.6.3154 · Cited by 723

The Drosophila immune response against Gram-negative bacteria is mediated by a peptidoglycan recognition protein

Gottar, M., Gobert, V., Michel, T., Belvin, M. P., Duyk, G. M., Hoffmann, J. A., Ferrandon, D., & Royet, J. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature734 · Cited by 715

Functional genomic analysis of phagocytosis and identification of a Drosophila receptor for E. coli

Rämet, M., Manfruelli, P., Pearson, A. M., Mathey-Prévôt, B., & Ezekowitz, R. A. B. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature735 · Cited by 705

Herpes simplex virus type 1 activates murine natural interferon-producing cells through toll-like receptor 9

Krug, A., Luker, G. D., Barchet, W., Leib, D. A., Akira, S., & Colonna, M. (2003) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2003-08-2674 · Cited by 696

CpG‐DNA‐specific activation of antigen‐presenting cells requires stress kinase activity and is preceded by non‐specific endocytosis and endosomal maturation

Häcker, H., Mischak, H., Miethke, T., Liptay, S., Schmid, R. M., Sparwasser, T. D., Heeg, K. M., Lipford, G. B., & Wagner, H. (1998) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/17.21.6230 · Cited by 670

The Drosophila immune system detects bacteria through specific peptidoglycan recognition

Leulier, F., Parquet, C., Pili‐Floury, S., Ryu, J.-H., Caroff, M., Lee, W., Mengin‐Lecreulx, D., & Lemaître, B. (2003) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni922 · Cited by 660

Signaling by Toll-Like Receptor 2 and 4 Agonists Results in Differential Gene Expression in Murine Macrophages

Hirschfeld, M. J., Weis, J. J., Toshchakov, V. Y., Salkowski, C. A., Cody, M. J., Ward, D. C., Qureshi, N., Michalek, S. M., & Vogel, S. N. (2001) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.69.3.1477-1482.2001 · Cited by 655

SOCS-1 Participates in Negative Regulation of LPS Responses

Nakagawa, R., Naka, T., Tsutsui, H., Fujimoto, M., Kimura, A., Abe, T., Seki, E., Sato, S., Takeuchi, O., Takeda, K., et al. (2002) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00449-1 · Cited by 644

Reduced atherosclerosis in MyD88-null mice links elevated serum cholesterol levels to activation of innate immunity signaling pathways

Björkbacka, H., Kunjathoor, V. V., Moore, K. J., Koehn, S., Ordija, C. M., Lee, M. A., Means, T., Halmen, K., Luster, A. D., Golenbock, D. T., et al. (2004) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1008 · Cited by 634

A Common Dominant TLR5 Stop Codon Polymorphism Abolishes Flagellin Signaling and Is Associated with Susceptibility to Legionnaires' Disease

Hawn, T. R., Verbon, A., Lettinga, K. D., Zhao, L. P., Li, S. S., Laws, R. J., Skerrett, S. J., Beutler, B., Schroeder, L. A., Nachman, A., et al. (2003) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20031220 · Cited by 608

Requirement for a Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein (PGRP) in Relish Activation and Antibacterial Immune Responses in Drosophila

Choe, K., Werner, T., Stöven, S., Hultmark, D., & Anderson, K. V. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1070216 · Cited by 606

SIGIRR, a negative regulator of Toll-like receptor–interleukin 1 receptor signaling

Wald, D. N., Qin, J., Zhao, Z., Qian, Y., Naramura, M., Tian, L., Towne, J. E., Sims, J. E., Stark, G. R., & Li, X. (2003) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni968 · Cited by 606

Negative Regulation of Cytokine Signaling Pathways

Yasukawa, H., Sasaki, A. T., & Yoshimura, A. (2000) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.18.1.143 · Cited by 596

Molecular basis for the immunostimulatory activity of guanine nucleoside analogs: Activation of Toll-like receptor 7

Lee, J., Chuang, T., Redecke, V., She, L., Pitha, P. M., Carson, D. A., Raz, E., & Cottam, H. B. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0631696100 · Cited by 594

Viral infection switches non-plasmacytoid dendritic cells into high interferon producers

Diebold, S. S., Montoya, M., Unger, H., Alexopoulou, L., Roy, P., Haswell, L. E., Al‐Shamkhani, A., Flavell, R. A., Borrow, P., & Sousa, C. R. E. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01783 · Cited by 582

The Roles of Two IκB Kinase-related Kinases in Lipopolysaccharide and Double Stranded RNA Signaling and Viral Infection

Hemmi, H., Takeuchi, O., Sato, S., Yamamoto, M., Kaisho, T., Sanjo, H., Kawai, T., Hoshino, K., Takeda, K., & Akira, S. (2004) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20040520 · Cited by 576

IFN-regulatory factor 3-dependent gene expression is defective in Tbk1 -deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts

McWhirter, S. M., Fitzgerald, K. A., Rosains, J., Rowe, D. C., Golenbock, D. T., & Maniatis, T. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2237236100 · Cited by 542

The Toll‐like receptor 7 (TLR7)‐specific stimulus loxoribine uncovers a strong relationship within the TLR7, 8 and 9 subfamily

Heil, F., Ahmad‐Nejad, P., Hemmi, H., Hochrein, H., Ampenberger, F., Gellert, T., Dietrich, H., Lipford, G. B., Takeda, K., Akira, S., et al. (2003) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.200324238 · Cited by 537

Toll-like Receptor 9–Dependent and –Independent Dendritic Cell Activation by Chromatin–Immunoglobulin G Complexes

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Human Peripheral Blood Cells Differentially Recognize and Respond to Two Distinct CpG Motifs

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Toll-like receptor

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