Developing, Pilot Testing, and Refining Requirements for 3 EHR-Integrated Interventions to Improve Diagnostic Safety in Acute Care: A User-Centered Approach
Open accessAbstract
Objective: To describe a user-centered approach to develop, pilot test, and refine requirements for 3 electronic health record (EHR)-integrated interventions that target key diagnostic process failures in hospitalized patients. Materials and Methods: Three interventions were prioritized for development: a Diagnostic Safety Column (DSC) within an EHR-integrated dashboard to identify at-risk patients; a Diagnostic Time-Out (DTO) for clinicians to reassess the working diagnosis; and a Patient Diagnosis Questionnaire (PDQ) to gather patient concerns about the diagnostic process. Initial requirements were refined from analysis of test cases with elevated risk predicted by DSC logic compared to risk perceived by a clinician working group; DTO testing sessions with clinicians; PDQ responses from patients; and focus groups with clinicians and patient advisors using storyboarding to model the integrated interventions. Mixed methods analysis of participant responses was used to identify final requirements and potential implementation barriers. Results: Final requirements from analysis of 10 test cases predicted by the DSC, 18 clinician DTO participants, and 39 PDQ responses included the following: DSC configurable parameters (variables, weights) to adjust baseline risk estimates in real-time based on new clinical data collected during hospitalization; more concise DTO wording and flexibility for clinicians to conduct the DTO with or without the patient present; and integration of PDQ responses into the DSC to ensure closed-looped communication with clinicians. Analysis of focus groups confirmed that tight integration of the interventions with the EHR would be necessary to prompt clinicians to reconsider the working diagnosis in cases with elevated diagnostic error (DE) risk or uncertainty. Potential implementation barriers included alert fatigue and distrust of the risk algorithm (DSC); time constraints, redundancies, and concerns about disclosing uncertainty to patients (DTO); and patient disagreement with the care team’s diagnosis (PDQ). Discussion: A user-centered approach led to evolution of requirements for 3 interventions targeting key diagnostic process failures in hospitalized patients at risk for DE. Conclusions: We identify challenges and offer lessons from our user-centered design process.
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Inpatient and acute care settings commonly use inpatient diagnostic error triggers and EHR-based interventions, whereas outpatient and primary care settings rely more on population risk-stratification tools and ambulatory e-triggers targeting missed follow-up or unexpected ED visits.
“Inpatient and acute care settings commonly use inpatient diagnostic error triggers [375] and EHR-based interventions [376], whereas outpatient and primary care settings rely more on population risk-stratification tools [377] and ambulatory e-triggers targeting missed follow-up or unexpected ED visits [378].”
From Toward Safer Diagnoses: A SEIPS-Based Narrative Review of Diagnostic Errors (2026) · cites this paper as [376]
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- Authors
- Garber, A., Garabedian, P., Wu, L., Lam, A., Malik, M., Fraser, H., Bersani, K., Piniella, N., Motta-Calderon, D., Rozenblum, R., Schnock, K., Griffin, J., Schnipper, J. L., Bates, D. W., & Dalal, A. K.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Northeastern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dalal, Anuj K
- ORCID
- Venue
- JAMIA Open
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2023-04-06
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- ooad031-ooad031
- ISSN
- 2574-2531 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10172040
- OpenAlex
- W4376642305
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3
- FWCI
- 3.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- JAMIA Open (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- AHRQ (R18-HS026613)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Electronic Health Records Systems
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Emergency Medical Services › Patient Safety and Medication Errors
- Keywords
- diagnostic errors, diagnostic safety, electronic health records, user-centered design, high-risk patient identification, risk algorithm, alarm fatigue, patient-provider communication, implementation barriers, hospitalized patients, acute care
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